English
Русский 4-15 p.
One of the most acute and pressing problems of sustainable development in the coming century can be providing the population with quality drinking water. According to estimates of the World Health Organization, the frequency of diseases arising from the use of poor-quality drinking water is the highest. Pollution of the environment by surfactants is a great danger to the entire biosphere. Unlike organic substances, they are not subject to degradation and, in addition to the direct toxic effect on living and plant organisms, tend to accumulate in food chains, which increases their danger to humans.
The flow of surfactants into reservoirs occurs mainly from man-made sources. With the inefficient purification of water, surfactants enter the natural reservoirs, the soil, and along trophic feeding routes reach people. Accumulating in reservoirs, surfactants have a strong toxic effect on the flora and fauna, worsen the organoleptic characteristics of water, prevent the processes of self-purification of water bodies. Even small amounts of surfactants cause abundant foaming, disrupt oxygen exchange in water bodies, and inhibit photosynthesis.
To achieve one hundred percent purification of wastewater from surfactants is almost impossible. In this connection, the search for new and improvement of existing methods of analysis of surface-active substances is very important.
The article presents the main features and characteristics of chemical and physico-chemical methods for the analysis of synthetic surfactants.
The flow of surfactants into reservoirs occurs mainly from man-made sources. With the inefficient purification of water, surfactants enter the natural reservoirs, the soil, and along trophic feeding routes reach people. Accumulating in reservoirs, surfactants have a strong toxic effect on the flora and fauna, worsen the organoleptic characteristics of water, prevent the processes of self-purification of water bodies. Even small amounts of surfactants cause abundant foaming, disrupt oxygen exchange in water bodies, and inhibit photosynthesis.
To achieve one hundred percent purification of wastewater from surfactants is almost impossible. In this connection, the search for new and improvement of existing methods of analysis of surface-active substances is very important.
The article presents the main features and characteristics of chemical and physico-chemical methods for the analysis of synthetic surfactants.
1. Terekhova E.L. Intensifikaciya ochistki stochnyh vod ot poverhnostno-aktivnyk veshchestv: dis. … kand. tekhn. nauk. Habarovsk. 2004.
2. Tret'yak M.G., Levinskaya A.O. Analiz sinteticheskih moyushchih sredstv. V kn.: Sb.tr.Vses.n.-i. i proekt. in-ta him.prom-ti. 1976. Vyp. 4. S. 88 – 122.
3. Sumina E.G. Helaty metallov kak analiticheskie reagenty dlya opredeleniya kationnyh i neionnyh poverhnostno-aktivnyh veshchestv v prisutstvii fonovyh ehlektrolitov: dis. … kand. him. nauk. Saratov. 1984.
4. SHinoda K., Nakagava T., Tamamusi B., Isemura T. Kolloidnye poverhnostno-aktivnye veshchestva. M.: Mir. 1960. 319 s.
5. Kulapin A.I., Arinushkina T.V. Razdel'noe ionometricheskoe opredelenie anionnyh i neionnyh PAV v shampunyah // Zav. labor. diagn. mater. 2003. T. 69. №7. S.15.
6. Zakupra V.A. Metody analiza i kontrolya v proizvodstve PAV. M.: Himiya. 1977. 366 s.
7. Nevolin F.V. Himiya i tekhnologiya sinteticheskih moyushchih sredstv. M.: Pishch. prom. 1971. 425 s.
8. Kamidzyo K., Horii K. Analiz poverhnostno-aktivnyh veshchestv i promezhutochnyh produktov posredstvom nevodnogo titrovaniya. YUsi. 1964. T. 17. № 10. S. 90 – 95.
9. Kamidzyo K., Horii K. Analiz poverhnostno-aktivnyh veshchestv i promezhutochnyh produktov ih sinteza s primeneniem nevodnogo titrovaniya. YUsi. 1965. T. 18. S. 88 – 93.
10. Kolotvin A.A. Mnogourovnevaya sistema hromatorgraficheskogo opredeleniya PAV v tekhnogennyh i prirodnyh ob"ektah: dis. … kand. him. nauk. Saratov, 2006.
11. GOST 2874-82. Voda pit'evaya. Metody analiza. Vved. 02.94. M. 1996. 351 s.
12. Lange K.R. Poverhnostno-aktivnye veshchestva: sintez, svojstva, analiz primenenie / Pod. red. L.P. Zajchenko. Spb.: Professiya. 2004. S. 43.
13. Garifzyakov A.R., Tel'kova Z.A., Savel'eva N.N., Toropova V.F., Budnikov G.K. Primenenie metoda dvuhfaznogo potenciometricheskogo titrovaniya dlya opredeleniya osnovnogo veshchestva v anionnyh poverhnostno-aktivnyh veshchestv, ispol'zuemyh v kinopromyshlennosti // Zavod, lab.: diagnost. mater. 2001. T. 67. N 4. S. 16 – 19.
14. Mnogourovnevaya sistema hromatorgraficheskogo opredeleniya PAV v tekhnogennyh i prirodnyh ob"ektah. Kolotvin A.A.: dis. … kand. him. nauk. Saratov, 2006.
15. Bladamer M.J., Briggs V., Cullis P.V., Engberts J.B. Titration microcalorimetry of mixed alkyltrimethylammonium bromide surfactants aqueous solutions // Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2000. N 2. P. 5146 – 5153.
16. Gribova E.A. Dyatlova V.V. Razdel'noe opredelenie koncentracii galloidnoj soli chetvertichnogo ammonievogo osnovaniya i galoidgidrata amina v smesi. Zav. lab. 1971. T.37. V 2. S.156-158.
17. Robert V. Kattrall. Himicheskie sensory: per s angl. M.: Nauchnyj mir. 2000. 144 s.
18. Kulichenko S.A., Suhan V.V. Titrimetricheskoe opredelenie anionnyh PAV v vodno-micellyarnoj srede neionnogo PAV // Zav. labor. diagnost. mater.1995. T. 61. №12. S. 11.
19. Helaty metallov kak titrimetricheskie indikatory dlya opredeleniya KPAV. V kn.: Primenenie PAV v analize prirodnyh i promyshlennyh ob"ektov. Mezhvuzovskij nauchnyj sbornik. CHast' 1. Izd-vo Saratovskogo universiteta. 1986. S. 94.
20. Ahmetova T.I., Hajbrahmanova D.N., Gallyamova EH.I. EHkspressnoe opredelenie NPAV v sinteticheskih zhidkih moyushchih sredstvah // Zav. lab. Diagnost. mater. 2002. T. 68. №4. S. 21.
21. Uglyanskaya V.A. Infrakrasnaya spektroskopiya ionoobmennyh materialov/V.A. Uglyanskaya, G.A. CHikin i dr. Voronezh: Izd-vo Voronezh. un-ta. 1989. 207 s.
22. Goncharov G.N., Zorina M.L., Suharzhevskij S.M. Spektroskopicheskie metody v geohimii: Ucheb. posobie. Leningrad: Izd. LGU. 1982. 292 s.
23. Bellami I. Infrakrasnye spektry molekul. M.: Il. 1957. 365 s.
24. Kirichenko I.N., Vilypanskij V.A., Smol'yaninov I.V. Infrakrasnye spektry pogloshcheniya chetvertichnyh solej piridiniya. Hloristye 1-alkiloksimetilpiridinii i 1-alkiloksikarbonilmetilpiridinii. K. fiz. Himii. 1972. T. 46. S. 2955.
25. Miyagisi S, Nisida M. Identifikaciya kationnyh poverhnostno-aktivnyh veshchestv pri pomoshchi rejnekatov. Yukugaku. J. Japan Oil Chemist's Soc. 1969. V. 18. P. 309 – 314.
26. Shiraishi H., Otsuki A., Puwa K. Identification and quantification of poly(oxyethylene)alkyl ether nonionic surfactants in river water of trace levels by field desorption mass spectroraetry. Bull. chera. Soc. Jap. 1982. V. 55. N 5. P. 1410 – 1415.
27. Zaev E.E., Ahmetzhanov I.S, Rud' M.I., Panaeva S.A., Paus K.F. Primenenie sdvigayushchih PAV dlya PMR-opredeleniya soderzhaniya svobodnogo poliehtilenglikolya i stepeni oksiehtilirovaniya neionnyh PAV. ZH. Vses. him. o-va. 1982. T. 27. №3. S. 338 – 339.
28. Moody Cheryl A., Kwan Wai Chi, Martin Jonathan W., Muir Derek C.G., Maluby Scott A. Determination of perfluorinated surfactants in surface water samples by two independent analytical techniques: liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry and 19F NMR // Anal. Chem. 2001. V. 73. №10. P. 2200.
29. Petrovic M., Barcelo D. 42 Determination of anionic and nonionic surfactants, their degradation products, and endocrine-disrupting compounds in sewage sludge by liquid chromatrography/mass spectrometry // Anal. Chem. 2000. V. 72. №19. P. 45 – 60.
30. Kalicun V.I., Laskov YU.V., Kedrov B.C. Gidravlika, vodosnabzhenie i kanalizaciya: ucheb. posobie dlya vuzov. M.: Strojizdat. 2003. 397 s.
31. Kudryavieva M.I., Dmitrieva L.F., Suchkov V.V. Himicheskie i spektrofotometricheskie metody analiza kationoaktivnyh PAV. V kn.: Sb.tr. Vses. n. i. i proekt.in-ta him.prom-sti. 1976. Vyp. 4. S. 75 – 88.
32. Cotter R.G., Hausen G. Mass spectral determination of longchain quaternary amines in mixture. Anal. chim. acta. 1982. V. 136. P. 135 – 142.
33. Levsen K., Louter G.G., Boerboom A.G.H., Haverkamp G. Derect mixture analysis of surfactants by combined field spectrometry with simultaneous ion detection. Anal. chem. 1982. V. 54. N 9. P. 1458 – 1466.
34. Kudryavoeva M.I., Vashakidze L.I., Golovina N.I., Suchkov V.V., Kolomiep B.S, Nikulina G.P. Spektrofotometricheskoe opredelenie proizvodnyh 2-alkil-2-imidazolina. V kn.: Metody analiza i kontrolya proizvodstva v himicheskoj promyshlennosti. M.: PIITEHKHim. 1977. №3. S. 18 – 22.
2. Tret'yak M.G., Levinskaya A.O. Analiz sinteticheskih moyushchih sredstv. V kn.: Sb.tr.Vses.n.-i. i proekt. in-ta him.prom-ti. 1976. Vyp. 4. S. 88 – 122.
3. Sumina E.G. Helaty metallov kak analiticheskie reagenty dlya opredeleniya kationnyh i neionnyh poverhnostno-aktivnyh veshchestv v prisutstvii fonovyh ehlektrolitov: dis. … kand. him. nauk. Saratov. 1984.
4. SHinoda K., Nakagava T., Tamamusi B., Isemura T. Kolloidnye poverhnostno-aktivnye veshchestva. M.: Mir. 1960. 319 s.
5. Kulapin A.I., Arinushkina T.V. Razdel'noe ionometricheskoe opredelenie anionnyh i neionnyh PAV v shampunyah // Zav. labor. diagn. mater. 2003. T. 69. №7. S.15.
6. Zakupra V.A. Metody analiza i kontrolya v proizvodstve PAV. M.: Himiya. 1977. 366 s.
7. Nevolin F.V. Himiya i tekhnologiya sinteticheskih moyushchih sredstv. M.: Pishch. prom. 1971. 425 s.
8. Kamidzyo K., Horii K. Analiz poverhnostno-aktivnyh veshchestv i promezhutochnyh produktov posredstvom nevodnogo titrovaniya. YUsi. 1964. T. 17. № 10. S. 90 – 95.
9. Kamidzyo K., Horii K. Analiz poverhnostno-aktivnyh veshchestv i promezhutochnyh produktov ih sinteza s primeneniem nevodnogo titrovaniya. YUsi. 1965. T. 18. S. 88 – 93.
10. Kolotvin A.A. Mnogourovnevaya sistema hromatorgraficheskogo opredeleniya PAV v tekhnogennyh i prirodnyh ob"ektah: dis. … kand. him. nauk. Saratov, 2006.
11. GOST 2874-82. Voda pit'evaya. Metody analiza. Vved. 02.94. M. 1996. 351 s.
12. Lange K.R. Poverhnostno-aktivnye veshchestva: sintez, svojstva, analiz primenenie / Pod. red. L.P. Zajchenko. Spb.: Professiya. 2004. S. 43.
13. Garifzyakov A.R., Tel'kova Z.A., Savel'eva N.N., Toropova V.F., Budnikov G.K. Primenenie metoda dvuhfaznogo potenciometricheskogo titrovaniya dlya opredeleniya osnovnogo veshchestva v anionnyh poverhnostno-aktivnyh veshchestv, ispol'zuemyh v kinopromyshlennosti // Zavod, lab.: diagnost. mater. 2001. T. 67. N 4. S. 16 – 19.
14. Mnogourovnevaya sistema hromatorgraficheskogo opredeleniya PAV v tekhnogennyh i prirodnyh ob"ektah. Kolotvin A.A.: dis. … kand. him. nauk. Saratov, 2006.
15. Bladamer M.J., Briggs V., Cullis P.V., Engberts J.B. Titration microcalorimetry of mixed alkyltrimethylammonium bromide surfactants aqueous solutions // Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2000. N 2. P. 5146 – 5153.
16. Gribova E.A. Dyatlova V.V. Razdel'noe opredelenie koncentracii galloidnoj soli chetvertichnogo ammonievogo osnovaniya i galoidgidrata amina v smesi. Zav. lab. 1971. T.37. V 2. S.156-158.
17. Robert V. Kattrall. Himicheskie sensory: per s angl. M.: Nauchnyj mir. 2000. 144 s.
18. Kulichenko S.A., Suhan V.V. Titrimetricheskoe opredelenie anionnyh PAV v vodno-micellyarnoj srede neionnogo PAV // Zav. labor. diagnost. mater.1995. T. 61. №12. S. 11.
19. Helaty metallov kak titrimetricheskie indikatory dlya opredeleniya KPAV. V kn.: Primenenie PAV v analize prirodnyh i promyshlennyh ob"ektov. Mezhvuzovskij nauchnyj sbornik. CHast' 1. Izd-vo Saratovskogo universiteta. 1986. S. 94.
20. Ahmetova T.I., Hajbrahmanova D.N., Gallyamova EH.I. EHkspressnoe opredelenie NPAV v sinteticheskih zhidkih moyushchih sredstvah // Zav. lab. Diagnost. mater. 2002. T. 68. №4. S. 21.
21. Uglyanskaya V.A. Infrakrasnaya spektroskopiya ionoobmennyh materialov/V.A. Uglyanskaya, G.A. CHikin i dr. Voronezh: Izd-vo Voronezh. un-ta. 1989. 207 s.
22. Goncharov G.N., Zorina M.L., Suharzhevskij S.M. Spektroskopicheskie metody v geohimii: Ucheb. posobie. Leningrad: Izd. LGU. 1982. 292 s.
23. Bellami I. Infrakrasnye spektry molekul. M.: Il. 1957. 365 s.
24. Kirichenko I.N., Vilypanskij V.A., Smol'yaninov I.V. Infrakrasnye spektry pogloshcheniya chetvertichnyh solej piridiniya. Hloristye 1-alkiloksimetilpiridinii i 1-alkiloksikarbonilmetilpiridinii. K. fiz. Himii. 1972. T. 46. S. 2955.
25. Miyagisi S, Nisida M. Identifikaciya kationnyh poverhnostno-aktivnyh veshchestv pri pomoshchi rejnekatov. Yukugaku. J. Japan Oil Chemist's Soc. 1969. V. 18. P. 309 – 314.
26. Shiraishi H., Otsuki A., Puwa K. Identification and quantification of poly(oxyethylene)alkyl ether nonionic surfactants in river water of trace levels by field desorption mass spectroraetry. Bull. chera. Soc. Jap. 1982. V. 55. N 5. P. 1410 – 1415.
27. Zaev E.E., Ahmetzhanov I.S, Rud' M.I., Panaeva S.A., Paus K.F. Primenenie sdvigayushchih PAV dlya PMR-opredeleniya soderzhaniya svobodnogo poliehtilenglikolya i stepeni oksiehtilirovaniya neionnyh PAV. ZH. Vses. him. o-va. 1982. T. 27. №3. S. 338 – 339.
28. Moody Cheryl A., Kwan Wai Chi, Martin Jonathan W., Muir Derek C.G., Maluby Scott A. Determination of perfluorinated surfactants in surface water samples by two independent analytical techniques: liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry and 19F NMR // Anal. Chem. 2001. V. 73. №10. P. 2200.
29. Petrovic M., Barcelo D. 42 Determination of anionic and nonionic surfactants, their degradation products, and endocrine-disrupting compounds in sewage sludge by liquid chromatrography/mass spectrometry // Anal. Chem. 2000. V. 72. №19. P. 45 – 60.
30. Kalicun V.I., Laskov YU.V., Kedrov B.C. Gidravlika, vodosnabzhenie i kanalizaciya: ucheb. posobie dlya vuzov. M.: Strojizdat. 2003. 397 s.
31. Kudryavieva M.I., Dmitrieva L.F., Suchkov V.V. Himicheskie i spektrofotometricheskie metody analiza kationoaktivnyh PAV. V kn.: Sb.tr. Vses. n. i. i proekt.in-ta him.prom-sti. 1976. Vyp. 4. S. 75 – 88.
32. Cotter R.G., Hausen G. Mass spectral determination of longchain quaternary amines in mixture. Anal. chim. acta. 1982. V. 136. P. 135 – 142.
33. Levsen K., Louter G.G., Boerboom A.G.H., Haverkamp G. Derect mixture analysis of surfactants by combined field spectrometry with simultaneous ion detection. Anal. chem. 1982. V. 54. N 9. P. 1458 – 1466.
34. Kudryavoeva M.I., Vashakidze L.I., Golovina N.I., Suchkov V.V., Kolomiep B.S, Nikulina G.P. Spektrofotometricheskoe opredelenie proizvodnyh 2-alkil-2-imidazolina. V kn.: Metody analiza i kontrolya proizvodstva v himicheskoj promyshlennosti. M.: PIITEHKHim. 1977. №3. S. 18 – 22.