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Vol. 1 Issue 3

Archives Journal Chemical Bulletin Vol. 1 Issue 3

MAIN FEATURES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS OF SURFACTANTS

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 4-15 p.
Abstract
One of the most acute and pressing problems of sustainable development in the coming century can be providing the population with quality drinking water. According to estimates of the World Health Organization, the frequency of diseases arising from the use of poor-quality drinking water is the highest. Pollution of the environment by surfactants is a great danger to the entire biosphere. Unlike organic substances, they are not subject to degradation and, in addition to the direct toxic effect on living and plant organisms, tend to accumulate in food chains, which increases their danger to humans.
The flow of surfactants into reservoirs occurs mainly from man-made sources. With the inefficient purification of water, surfactants enter the natural reservoirs, the soil, and along trophic feeding routes reach people. Accumulating in reservoirs, surfactants have a strong toxic effect on the flora and fauna, worsen the organoleptic characteristics of water, prevent the processes of self-purification of water bodies. Even small amounts of surfactants cause abundant foaming, disrupt oxygen exchange in water bodies, and inhibit photosynthesis.
To achieve one hundred percent purification of wastewater from surfactants is almost impossible. In this connection, the search for new and improvement of existing methods of analysis of surface-active substances is very important.
The article presents the main features and characteristics of chemical and physico-chemical methods for the analysis of synthetic surfactants.
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TEMPERATURE AS A CRITERION FOR THE DIRECTION OF EXCHANGE REACTIONS IN MOLTEN SALT OF MUTUAL SYSTEMS

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 16-33 p.
Abstract
The paper contains material on the current state of the problem of the orientation of exchange reactions in triple and more complex reciprocal systems in the absence of a solvent. It provides an analytical overview of the state of the problem from its inception to the end of the twentieth century, in which a critical analysis of all methods of solving it has been made for this period. As a result of numerous studies, various criteria were proposed for assessing the direction of processes in these systems, which, unfortunately, are characterized by a number of shortcomings. As a result, by the present time the problem of choosing the optimal criterion for directionality of exchange reactions in mutual systems in the absence of a solvent remains practically unresolved. The testing of the last was carried out on 53 triple mutual systems of various types for the purpose of falling out on their share of positive solutions to problems. Based on the analysis of the results obtained in this case, preference is given to the rules of Gustavson and the authors of the present work, the formulations of which are given in the text of the article.
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ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CONTENT OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS IN RAW MATERIALS WITH DEBYE TEMPERATURE

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 34-41 p.
Abstract
The relationship between the content of heavy metals in plant raw material with such an important integral physical parameter as the Debye temperature of a metallic element is considered. This is confirmed by the high values of the correlation coefficient. This parameter is calculated for cadmium, lead, copper, manganese, nickel, chromium and zinc ions.
The graphical dependence of the accumulation coefficient k of heavy metals from the soil is presented for the wild grassy plants of the Lower Don. Wetweed ambrosia (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.), tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.), Austrian wormwood (Artemisia austriaca Pall. ExWilld.), Cedar grass (Elytrigia repens (L.)) are considered. Samples were taken at a distance of 1 km from Novocherkasskaya SDPP.
The value of the mobilization factor (the factor of technogenic enrichment) of EF is described as the ratio of the technogenic flow of a chemical element to a natural element, in the transfer of metallic elements. Dependences of the mobilization factor (EF) on the Debye temperature of the metal are presented.
The dependence of the heavy metals content in the soil-vegetation-invertebrate animals system in steppe biogeocoenoses on the Debye temperature of the metal is characterized. This will allow us to predict the possible mechanism for the transport of heavy metals in nature.
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RESEARCHES OF INFLUENCE OF CYCLICALLY OPERATING NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE TEMPERATURES ON THE DAMPING PROPERTIES OF CEMENT COMPOSITES

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 42-51 p.
Abstract
Results of a research of the damping properties of cement composites with various water cement relation, with additive super – and hyper softeners, fillers – ground quartz and microsilicon dioxide, quartz sands of various fineness at cyclic influence of negative and positive temperatures are given in the article. The damping properties of cement composites are determined by a resonant method. It is revealed that the studied structures of composites show changes of the damping properties at cyclic influence of negative and positive temperatures. Decrease in the damping properties is characteristic of all structures at the beginning of the researches, and then at increase in cyclic influence of negative and positive temperatures there is a further reduction or increase in an indicator. It is established that increase in decrement of fluctuations with growth of duration of an experiment is caused by de-structive processes in structure of material.
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ORGANIZATIONAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL FEATURES OF PRODUCTIONS WITH COMPLEX USE OF RAW MATERIALS

 52-61 p.
Abstract
The article reveals the technological features of the processing of multicomponent raw materials, using the example of a tungsten-molybdenum deposit, which influence the construction of a cost accounting system and the calculation of the cost of production in complex productions.
It was revealed that the mineralogical composition and concentration of useful components of non-ferrous metal ores, technical conditions predetermine the transition of non-industrial ores to industrial ones. The article discusses the mineralogical features of tungsten-molybdenum ore, affecting the technological schemes of its processing. Much attention is paid to the issues of enrichment of tungsten-molybdenum ore, which allows to improve the quality of the mined ores by the content of metals and harmful impurities in them.
Considering the qualitative scheme of enrichment, showing the direction of products and the sequence of operations used in the enrichment process, as well as qualitative changes in products, you can identify the objects of cost accounting for production and costing objects.
The study showed that the structure of the production process with the integrated use of raw materials determines the organization of cost accounting for the production and calculation of the cost of the processed products, the latter, in turn, affect the objectivity of the assessment of the economic efficiency of complex use of raw materials.
Analysis of the organization and technology of processing of tungsten-molybdenum ores at mining and processing plants allowed us to identify the characteristic features of production with the complex use of raw materials, which should be taken into account when providing information and analytical support to the management of enterprises with integrated production.
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RESEARCHES OF INFLUENCE OF THE INCREASED HUMIDITY AND THE VARIABLE INCREASED TEMPERATURES ON THE DAMPING PROPERTIES OF CEMENT AGGREGATES

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 62-71 p.
Abstract
Results of a research of the damping properties of cement aggregates with different water cement relation, with the component super – and hyper plasticisers, fillers – ground quartz and microsilicon dioxide, quartz sands of different fineness in case of cyclic influence of the increased humidity and the variable increased temperatures are given in the article. The damping properties of cement aggregates are determined by a resonant method. Keeping of samples in the conditions of raised temperatures and humidity significantly influences the decrement of oscillations practically of all compositions. It is set that the damping properties of cement aggregates are defined by the damping properties of a cement stone; introduction to composition of the cement test super - and hyper plasticisers leads to lowering of this index; adding in composition of the cement test of powders of microquartz and microsilicon dioxide causes essential increase the damping properties of a cement stone with super - and hyper plasticiser.
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