English
Русский
To investigate the grain-size and phase compositions and properties of natural and synthetic wollastonite fillers and to establish the nature of their modifying effect in polymer composite materials using the example of polyvinyl chloride thermoplastic and epoxy resin thermoset.
Methods. X-ray quantitative phase analysis was used to study the filler samples, and porosity was determined using mercury porosimetry and gas absorption. The particle size of wollastonite was determined by laser diffraction. The thermal stability of the filled composites was evaluated on a derivative thermogravimetric analyser, and the thermal stability of polyvinyl chloride materials was evaluated using the Congo red method. Dynamic mechanical analysis was performed on a DMA 242 Netzsch device.
Results. The particle size distribution and phase composition of natural and synthetic calcium silicate samples, their porosity and pH of aqueous extract were studied. The influence of wollastonite properties on the viscosity of the obtained polymer-filler mixtures, the thermal stability and wear resistance of the filled composites, as well as on the tensile strength and relative elongation of polyvinyl chloride compositions was established.
Conclusions. Studied calcium silicates have proven effective for both epoxy and polyvinyl chloride materials. Despite the similarity in phase composition and acid-base characteristics of the surface, natural and synthetic wollastonite differ in particle size distribution and porosity. Natural filler is more promising for creating heat-resistant polyvinyl chloride compositions and wear-resistant epoxy compositions, while synthetic wollastonite based on rice husks provides an increase in the dynamic modulus and glass transition temperature of both types of polymers. Studies have shown that the modifying effect of the studied fillers is more prominent in epoxy polymers due to their influence on the formation of the polymer matrix cross-linked structure.
Methods. X-ray quantitative phase analysis was used to study the filler samples, and porosity was determined using mercury porosimetry and gas absorption. The particle size of wollastonite was determined by laser diffraction. The thermal stability of the filled composites was evaluated on a derivative thermogravimetric analyser, and the thermal stability of polyvinyl chloride materials was evaluated using the Congo red method. Dynamic mechanical analysis was performed on a DMA 242 Netzsch device.
Results. The particle size distribution and phase composition of natural and synthetic calcium silicate samples, their porosity and pH of aqueous extract were studied. The influence of wollastonite properties on the viscosity of the obtained polymer-filler mixtures, the thermal stability and wear resistance of the filled composites, as well as on the tensile strength and relative elongation of polyvinyl chloride compositions was established.
Conclusions. Studied calcium silicates have proven effective for both epoxy and polyvinyl chloride materials. Despite the similarity in phase composition and acid-base characteristics of the surface, natural and synthetic wollastonite differ in particle size distribution and porosity. Natural filler is more promising for creating heat-resistant polyvinyl chloride compositions and wear-resistant epoxy compositions, while synthetic wollastonite based on rice husks provides an increase in the dynamic modulus and glass transition temperature of both types of polymers. Studies have shown that the modifying effect of the studied fillers is more prominent in epoxy polymers due to their influence on the formation of the polymer matrix cross-linked structure.
1. Kardo Kh., A., Kalman M., Kinga T. Comparison of different polyvinylchloride (PVC)/calcium car-bonate blends and their properties. International Journal of Engineering Research & Science. 2021. Vol. 7. No. 9. P. 16 – 29.
2. Fan-Long J., Xiang L., Soo-Jin P. Synthesis and application of epoxy resins: a review. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. 2015. No. 29. P. 1 – 11. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jiec.2015.03.026
3. Gottlieb E.M., Sadykova D.F., Yamaleeva E.S. Wollastonite – an effective filler for rubbers and composite materials based on linear and cross-linked polymers: monograph. LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing. 2018. 180 p.
4. Orlova N.A., Korobshchikova T.S. Granulometric composition of wollastonite and its influence on the properties of polymer composites. Paints and varnishes and their application. 2010. No. 5. P. 26 – 29.
5. Sokolova Yu.A. et al. Synthetic wollastonite based on rice husk. Fundamental, exploratory and applied research of the Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences on scientific support for the development of architecture, urban planning and the construction industry of the Russian Federation in 2018: collection of scientific papers of the Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences. Moscow: ASN Publishing House. 2019. T. 2. P. 520 – 525. https://doi.org/10.22337/9785432303134-520-525
6. Ismail H., Shamsudin R., Abdul Hamid M.A., Jalar A. Synthesis and characterization of nano-wollastonite from rice husk ash and limestone. Materials Science Forum. 2013. Vol. 756. P. 43 – 47. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.756.43
7. McIntyre S., Kaltzakorta I., Liggat J.J., Pethrick R.A., Rhoney I. Influence of the epoxy structure on the physical properties of epoxy resin nanocomposites. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research. 2004. Vol. 44. No. 23. P. 8573 – 8579. https://doi.org/ 10.1021/ie048835w
8. Kolosova A.S., Sokolskaya M.K., Vitkalova I.A., Torlova A.S., Pikalov E.S. Fillers for modification of modern polymer composite materials. Fundamental Research. 2017. No. 10-3. P. 459 – 465. https://fundamental-research.ru/ru/article/view?id=41858
9. Jingang Li, Lei Li, Yixin Xiang, Xiang Sixun. Nanostructures epoxy thermosets containing poly(vinylidene fluoride): preparation, morphologies, and dielectric properties. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research. 2016. No. 55(3). P. 586 – 596. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.5b04057
10. Yadav R., Singh M., Shekhawat D., Lee S.Yu., Park S.J. The Role of Fillers in Improving the Mechanical, Thermal, and Wear Properties of Polymer Composites: A Review. Composites – Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. 2023. Vol. 175. Article 107775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2023.107775
11. Kryzhanovsky V.K. et al. Study of the influence of highly dispersed and nanosized inorganic additives on the structural and physical characteristics of epoxy matrices and the properties of triboplastics. Voprosy Materialovedeniya. 2009. Vol. 57. No. 1. P. 66 – 76.
12. Gotlib E.M., Kha T.N.F., Khasanova A.R., Galimov E.R. Comparison of the modifying action of natural and synthetic wollastonite in epoxy polymers. Bulletin of Tomsk State University. Chemistry. 2019. No. 13. P. 13 – 19. https://doi.org/10.17223/24135542/13/2
13. Ikram S., Munir A. Mechanical and thermal properties of chemically modified epoxy resin. Open Journal of Synthesis Theory and Applications. 2012. No. 1. P. 36 – 43. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojsta.2012.13007
14. Liu C., He Yu., Sun M., Zhang X., Zhang B., Bai X. Influence of epoxy resin specialties on the curing behavior and adhesive properties of cyanate ester/poly(aryl ether ni-trile) blends. Polyme. 2023. Vol. 288. 12 p.
15. Gotlib E.M., Galimov E.R., Valeeva A.R., Kormushin K.V. Epoxy composite materials with fillers based on rice and buckwheat husk ash, and metallurgical slags: Monograph. Kazan: Publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan. 2023. 168 p.
16. Sadykova D.F., Gotlib E.M., Sokolova A.G. Dynamic mechanical properties of plasticized polyvinyl chloride composites filled with silicates. Fire and Explosion Safety. 2025. Vol. 34. No. 3. P. 50 – 58. https://doi.org/10.22227/0869-7493.2025.34.03.50-58
17. Alikin M.B., Alekseeva K.D., Panfilov D.A., Dvorko I.M. Lavrov N.A. Properties of epoxy composites cured by aminolysis products of secondary polyethylene terephthalate and polycarbonate. Mechanics of composite materials. 2022. Vol. 58. No. 5. P. 697 – 704. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11029-022-10060-z
18. Zhang O., Zhang C., Wu L., Sun W., Hu L. Study on morphology and mechanical properties of PVC with ultrafine CaCO3 surface-modified by acrylate macromolecular modifiers. Polymers and Polymer Composites. 2012. Vol. 20 (1-2). P. 191 – 196. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967391112020001-236
2. Fan-Long J., Xiang L., Soo-Jin P. Synthesis and application of epoxy resins: a review. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. 2015. No. 29. P. 1 – 11. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jiec.2015.03.026
3. Gottlieb E.M., Sadykova D.F., Yamaleeva E.S. Wollastonite – an effective filler for rubbers and composite materials based on linear and cross-linked polymers: monograph. LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing. 2018. 180 p.
4. Orlova N.A., Korobshchikova T.S. Granulometric composition of wollastonite and its influence on the properties of polymer composites. Paints and varnishes and their application. 2010. No. 5. P. 26 – 29.
5. Sokolova Yu.A. et al. Synthetic wollastonite based on rice husk. Fundamental, exploratory and applied research of the Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences on scientific support for the development of architecture, urban planning and the construction industry of the Russian Federation in 2018: collection of scientific papers of the Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences. Moscow: ASN Publishing House. 2019. T. 2. P. 520 – 525. https://doi.org/10.22337/9785432303134-520-525
6. Ismail H., Shamsudin R., Abdul Hamid M.A., Jalar A. Synthesis and characterization of nano-wollastonite from rice husk ash and limestone. Materials Science Forum. 2013. Vol. 756. P. 43 – 47. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.756.43
7. McIntyre S., Kaltzakorta I., Liggat J.J., Pethrick R.A., Rhoney I. Influence of the epoxy structure on the physical properties of epoxy resin nanocomposites. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research. 2004. Vol. 44. No. 23. P. 8573 – 8579. https://doi.org/ 10.1021/ie048835w
8. Kolosova A.S., Sokolskaya M.K., Vitkalova I.A., Torlova A.S., Pikalov E.S. Fillers for modification of modern polymer composite materials. Fundamental Research. 2017. No. 10-3. P. 459 – 465. https://fundamental-research.ru/ru/article/view?id=41858
9. Jingang Li, Lei Li, Yixin Xiang, Xiang Sixun. Nanostructures epoxy thermosets containing poly(vinylidene fluoride): preparation, morphologies, and dielectric properties. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research. 2016. No. 55(3). P. 586 – 596. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.5b04057
10. Yadav R., Singh M., Shekhawat D., Lee S.Yu., Park S.J. The Role of Fillers in Improving the Mechanical, Thermal, and Wear Properties of Polymer Composites: A Review. Composites – Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. 2023. Vol. 175. Article 107775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2023.107775
11. Kryzhanovsky V.K. et al. Study of the influence of highly dispersed and nanosized inorganic additives on the structural and physical characteristics of epoxy matrices and the properties of triboplastics. Voprosy Materialovedeniya. 2009. Vol. 57. No. 1. P. 66 – 76.
12. Gotlib E.M., Kha T.N.F., Khasanova A.R., Galimov E.R. Comparison of the modifying action of natural and synthetic wollastonite in epoxy polymers. Bulletin of Tomsk State University. Chemistry. 2019. No. 13. P. 13 – 19. https://doi.org/10.17223/24135542/13/2
13. Ikram S., Munir A. Mechanical and thermal properties of chemically modified epoxy resin. Open Journal of Synthesis Theory and Applications. 2012. No. 1. P. 36 – 43. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojsta.2012.13007
14. Liu C., He Yu., Sun M., Zhang X., Zhang B., Bai X. Influence of epoxy resin specialties on the curing behavior and adhesive properties of cyanate ester/poly(aryl ether ni-trile) blends. Polyme. 2023. Vol. 288. 12 p.
15. Gotlib E.M., Galimov E.R., Valeeva A.R., Kormushin K.V. Epoxy composite materials with fillers based on rice and buckwheat husk ash, and metallurgical slags: Monograph. Kazan: Publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan. 2023. 168 p.
16. Sadykova D.F., Gotlib E.M., Sokolova A.G. Dynamic mechanical properties of plasticized polyvinyl chloride composites filled with silicates. Fire and Explosion Safety. 2025. Vol. 34. No. 3. P. 50 – 58. https://doi.org/10.22227/0869-7493.2025.34.03.50-58
17. Alikin M.B., Alekseeva K.D., Panfilov D.A., Dvorko I.M. Lavrov N.A. Properties of epoxy composites cured by aminolysis products of secondary polyethylene terephthalate and polycarbonate. Mechanics of composite materials. 2022. Vol. 58. No. 5. P. 697 – 704. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11029-022-10060-z
18. Zhang O., Zhang C., Wu L., Sun W., Hu L. Study on morphology and mechanical properties of PVC with ultrafine CaCO3 surface-modified by acrylate macromolecular modifiers. Polymers and Polymer Composites. 2012. Vol. 20 (1-2). P. 191 – 196. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967391112020001-236
Sokolova A.G., Gotlib E.M. Comparison of modifying effect of wollastonite in polyvinylchloride and epoxy composite materials. Chemical Bulletin. 2025. 8 (4). 2. https://doi.org/10.58224/2619-0575-2025-8-4-2