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Studying the formation of diesel fuel aerosols in the presence of propylene oxide and its derivatives in a laboratory setup allows us to closely approximate the process of real-life mixture formation in diesel engines and determine the influence of these compounds on combustion efficiency and exhaust smoke.
Objective. To identify differences in the aerosol formation characteristics of diesel fuel without additives and diesel fuel containing propylene oxide and its derivatives as additives.
Methods. The method involves using a steam generator to generate aerosols and a high-speed video camera to capture all stages of aerosol formation. A high-speed CMOS video camera, "Phantom MIRO M310" (image type – 1080p), was used to record the process under study. monochrome; maximum resolution 1280×800 pixels; maxi-mum shooting speed – 6.5 105 fps; minimum exposure time – 1 μs; maximum image bit depth – 12 bits). A SIGMA 50 mm 1:2.8D MACRO EX lens (focal length – 50 mm, relative aperture – 2.8) was used for video recording. A Multiled PT-V9 GS Vitec LED illuminator (number of LEDs – 24; luminous flux – 7700 lm; power – 84 W, disper-sion angle – 30º) was used to illuminate the recording area. A matte polycarbonate screen (2 mm thick) was used to diffuse the light from the illuminator. The LED illuminator and CMOS video camera were placed opposite each other so that the optical axis of the camera coincided with the direction of the luminous flux of the illuminator.
Results and conclusions. Introduction into the diesel engine Adding 0.1% propylene oxide and its derivatives to fuel reduces the onset of intense fuel evaporation by up to two times. In a real engine, this effect will significantly reduce the size of liquid diesel fuel droplets in the cylinder, leading to more complete combustion and reduced soot formation. This results in increased power, reduced fuel consumption, and reduced exhaust smoke.
Objective. To identify differences in the aerosol formation characteristics of diesel fuel without additives and diesel fuel containing propylene oxide and its derivatives as additives.
Methods. The method involves using a steam generator to generate aerosols and a high-speed video camera to capture all stages of aerosol formation. A high-speed CMOS video camera, "Phantom MIRO M310" (image type – 1080p), was used to record the process under study. monochrome; maximum resolution 1280×800 pixels; maxi-mum shooting speed – 6.5 105 fps; minimum exposure time – 1 μs; maximum image bit depth – 12 bits). A SIGMA 50 mm 1:2.8D MACRO EX lens (focal length – 50 mm, relative aperture – 2.8) was used for video recording. A Multiled PT-V9 GS Vitec LED illuminator (number of LEDs – 24; luminous flux – 7700 lm; power – 84 W, disper-sion angle – 30º) was used to illuminate the recording area. A matte polycarbonate screen (2 mm thick) was used to diffuse the light from the illuminator. The LED illuminator and CMOS video camera were placed opposite each other so that the optical axis of the camera coincided with the direction of the luminous flux of the illuminator.
Results and conclusions. Introduction into the diesel engine Adding 0.1% propylene oxide and its derivatives to fuel reduces the onset of intense fuel evaporation by up to two times. In a real engine, this effect will significantly reduce the size of liquid diesel fuel droplets in the cylinder, leading to more complete combustion and reduced soot formation. This results in increased power, reduced fuel consumption, and reduced exhaust smoke.
1. Miroshnikov A.M., Tsygankov D.V., Tekutyev I.B. Multifunctional additive to diesel fuel, Russian Federa-tion Patent No. 2461605 IPC C10L1/18; applicant and patent holder Federal State Budgetary Educational Institu-tion of Higher Professional Education "Kuzbass State Technical University named after T.F. Gorbachev". 2011114173/04; declared 11.04.2011; published 20.09.2012, bulletin No. 26.
2. Tsygankov D.V. Improving the environmental safety of motor transport through the use of propylene oxide as a multifunctional additive to liquid motor fuel: monograph. Kemerovo: KuzSTU, 2024. 233 p. ISBN 978-5-00137-470-1
3. Cen C., Wu H., Lee C., Fan L., Liu F. Experimental Investigation on the Sputtering and Micro-Explosion of Emulsion Fuel Droplets during Impact on a Heated Surface. Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 2019. Vol. 132. P. 130 – 137.
4. Wang Z., Yuan B., Huang Y., Cao J., Wang Y., Cheng X. Progress in Experimental Investigations on Evapo-ration Characteristics of a Fuel Droplet. Fuel Process. Technol. 2022e Vol. 231. P. 107243.
5. Gan Y., Qiao L. Radiation-enhanced evaporation of ethanol fuel containing suspended metal nanoparticles. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 2012. Vol. 55 (21-22) P. 5777 – 5782.
6. Miroshnikov A.M., Tsygankov D.V., Polozova A.V. Evaporation of diesel fuel in the presence of propylene oxide and propylene glycol. Oil refining and petrochemistry. 2023. No. 6. P. 3 – 7.
7. Tsygankov D.V., Miroshnikov A.M., Polozova A.V. Study of the influence of propylene oxide and propylene glycol on the formation of surface films and aerosols with diesel fuel Oil refining and petrochemistry. Scientific and technical achievements and best practices 2023 No. 11/12. P. 56 – 58.
8. Lee C.C., Tran M.-V., Tan B.T., et al. 2021. A comprehensive review on the effects of additives on funda-mental combustion characteristics and pollutant formation of biodiesel and ethanol. Fuel Vol. 288 P. 119749.
9. Basu S., Miglani A. Combustion and heat transfer characteristics of nanofluid fuel droplets: A short review. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 2016. Vol. 96. P. 482 – 503.
10. Restrepo-Cano J., Ordonez-Loza J., Guida P., Roberts W.L., Chejne F., Sarathy S.M., Im H.G. Evapo-ration, Break-up, and Pyrolysis of Multi-Component Arabian Light Crude Oil Droplets at Various Temperatures. Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 2022. Vol. 183, P. 122175.
11. Tie L., Keiya N., Hiroyuki H. Droplet size distribution and evaporation characteristics of fuel spray by a swirl type atomizer. Fuel 2011. Vol. 90 (7) P. 2367 – 2376.
12. Qi Jing, Yuntao Li, Laibin Zhang, Dan Wang, Congling Shi. Optimization effect of propylene oxide (PO) on evaporation, combustion, and pollutant emissions of high-energy–density JP-10 fuel. Fuel. 2024. Vol. 361. P. 130585.
13. Dmitriev A.M., Osipova K.N., Knyazkov D.A., Shmakov A.G. Propylene Oxide Addition Effect on the Chemical Speciation of a Fuel-Rich Premixed n-Heptane/Toluene Flame. ACS Omega. 2022. No. 7 (50). P. 46900 – 46914. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.2c05999
14. Jang G.M., Kim N. Il Breakup Characteristics of a Single-Droplet of Water-in-Oil Emulsion Impinging on a Hot Surface. Fuel. 2021. Vol. 291. P. 120191.
15. Emekwuru N.G. Nanofuel Droplet Evaporation Processes. Journal of the Indian Institute of Science. 2018. Vol. 99 (1) P. 43 – 58.
16. Gan Y., Qiao L. Evaporation characteristics of fuel droplets with the addition of nanoparticles under natural and forced convections. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 2011. Vol. 54 (23-24) P. 4913 – 4922.
17. Tanvir S., Qiao L. Effect of Addition of Energetic Nanoparticles on Droplet-Burning Rate of Liquid Fuels. Journal of Propulsion and Power 2015. Vol. 31 (1) P. 408 – 415.
18. Tsygankov D.V., Miroshnikov A.M., Tekutyev I.B. Study of propylene oxide as an additive to motor fuel. Bulletin of KuzSTU. 2013. No. 3. P. 114 – 116.
2. Tsygankov D.V. Improving the environmental safety of motor transport through the use of propylene oxide as a multifunctional additive to liquid motor fuel: monograph. Kemerovo: KuzSTU, 2024. 233 p. ISBN 978-5-00137-470-1
3. Cen C., Wu H., Lee C., Fan L., Liu F. Experimental Investigation on the Sputtering and Micro-Explosion of Emulsion Fuel Droplets during Impact on a Heated Surface. Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 2019. Vol. 132. P. 130 – 137.
4. Wang Z., Yuan B., Huang Y., Cao J., Wang Y., Cheng X. Progress in Experimental Investigations on Evapo-ration Characteristics of a Fuel Droplet. Fuel Process. Technol. 2022e Vol. 231. P. 107243.
5. Gan Y., Qiao L. Radiation-enhanced evaporation of ethanol fuel containing suspended metal nanoparticles. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 2012. Vol. 55 (21-22) P. 5777 – 5782.
6. Miroshnikov A.M., Tsygankov D.V., Polozova A.V. Evaporation of diesel fuel in the presence of propylene oxide and propylene glycol. Oil refining and petrochemistry. 2023. No. 6. P. 3 – 7.
7. Tsygankov D.V., Miroshnikov A.M., Polozova A.V. Study of the influence of propylene oxide and propylene glycol on the formation of surface films and aerosols with diesel fuel Oil refining and petrochemistry. Scientific and technical achievements and best practices 2023 No. 11/12. P. 56 – 58.
8. Lee C.C., Tran M.-V., Tan B.T., et al. 2021. A comprehensive review on the effects of additives on funda-mental combustion characteristics and pollutant formation of biodiesel and ethanol. Fuel Vol. 288 P. 119749.
9. Basu S., Miglani A. Combustion and heat transfer characteristics of nanofluid fuel droplets: A short review. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 2016. Vol. 96. P. 482 – 503.
10. Restrepo-Cano J., Ordonez-Loza J., Guida P., Roberts W.L., Chejne F., Sarathy S.M., Im H.G. Evapo-ration, Break-up, and Pyrolysis of Multi-Component Arabian Light Crude Oil Droplets at Various Temperatures. Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 2022. Vol. 183, P. 122175.
11. Tie L., Keiya N., Hiroyuki H. Droplet size distribution and evaporation characteristics of fuel spray by a swirl type atomizer. Fuel 2011. Vol. 90 (7) P. 2367 – 2376.
12. Qi Jing, Yuntao Li, Laibin Zhang, Dan Wang, Congling Shi. Optimization effect of propylene oxide (PO) on evaporation, combustion, and pollutant emissions of high-energy–density JP-10 fuel. Fuel. 2024. Vol. 361. P. 130585.
13. Dmitriev A.M., Osipova K.N., Knyazkov D.A., Shmakov A.G. Propylene Oxide Addition Effect on the Chemical Speciation of a Fuel-Rich Premixed n-Heptane/Toluene Flame. ACS Omega. 2022. No. 7 (50). P. 46900 – 46914. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.2c05999
14. Jang G.M., Kim N. Il Breakup Characteristics of a Single-Droplet of Water-in-Oil Emulsion Impinging on a Hot Surface. Fuel. 2021. Vol. 291. P. 120191.
15. Emekwuru N.G. Nanofuel Droplet Evaporation Processes. Journal of the Indian Institute of Science. 2018. Vol. 99 (1) P. 43 – 58.
16. Gan Y., Qiao L. Evaporation characteristics of fuel droplets with the addition of nanoparticles under natural and forced convections. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 2011. Vol. 54 (23-24) P. 4913 – 4922.
17. Tanvir S., Qiao L. Effect of Addition of Energetic Nanoparticles on Droplet-Burning Rate of Liquid Fuels. Journal of Propulsion and Power 2015. Vol. 31 (1) P. 408 – 415.
18. Tsygankov D.V., Miroshnikov A.M., Tekutyev I.B. Study of propylene oxide as an additive to motor fuel. Bulletin of KuzSTU. 2013. No. 3. P. 114 – 116.
Tsygankov D.V., Miroshnikov A.M., Polozova A.V. Formation of diesel fuel aerosols in the presence of propylene oxide and its derivatives. Chemical Bulletin. 2025. 8 (4). 8. https://doi.org/10.58224/2619-0575-2025-8-4-8