The development of modern nanotechnological methods and approaches to the synthesis and formation of nanostructures allows us to create new materials that combine various functional properties and unique physical and chemical characteristics. Such structures include composite materials consisting of a structured matrix modified with various fillers. Currently, composites are of particular interest to researchers, in which nanoscale particles play the role of filler, which makes it possible to obtain catalysts with increased activity and stability. Commercial perfluorinated proton exchange membranes of the Nafion type and carbon-containing carriers (carbon nanotubes, graphene, fullerenes) are promising carrier matrices for chemical energy sources – fuel cells. Nanoparticles based on platinum, palladium, or their alloys are excellent materials for the reactions of electrocatalytic oxidation of hydrogen and oxygen reduction that occur in fuel cells. The elements based on the direct oxidation of formic acid mainly use bimetallic nanoparticles based on palladium, which exhibit higher catalytic properties. In this work, new effective polymer-carbon composites modified with palladium nanoparticles were synthesized. Single- and multi-wall carbon nanotubes were chosen as substrates. Physicochemical studies of the obtained materials were carried out using electron microscopy and small-angle X-ray light scattering. The sizes of nanoparticles in the composition of functional carrier matrices are determined. It was found that the carbon filler contributes to the better stabilization of small nanoparticles in the composition of the composite. The data on the influence of the conditions for the formation of metal nanoparticles on their size, shape and distribution over the matrix surface are obtained. The stability of samples with variable palladium loading on various carrier matrices was studied by chronoamperometry. The prospects of using the formed materials for fuel cell electrodes with direct oxidation of formic acid are proved.