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The study focuses on enhancing the adsorption of acetone, a prevalent oxygenated volatile organic compound (VOC), using HNO3-modified AG-3 activated carbon (AC) to mitigate its environmental and health impacts. It aims to optimize HNO3 modification of AG-3 AC, targeting enhanced acetone adsorption capacity and improved kinetics.
Methods: In this work, commercial AG-3 was treated with 2 M, 4, M and 6 M HNO3 solutions through reflux heating at 100 °C, followed by washing and drying. Adsorption experiments were conducted using gravimetric analysis at 25 °C and 1 atm, with kinetic data fitted to pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich, and Mor-ris-Weber models. The modified ACs were evaluated for their specific adsorption capacities and time-dependent adsorption behaviors.
Results: Results showed that HNO3 treatment enhanced acetone adsorption, with the 2 M HNO3-treated AC (HAC-2) exhibited the highest capacity of 0.2951 g/g, a 15 % improvement over unmodified AG-3 (0.2570). Kinetic studies revealed that the pseudo-second-order kinetic model best described the adsorption process, indicating chemisorption as the primary mechanism. As concentration of HNO3 increased (4 M and 6 M), it led to reduced adsorption capacity compared to HAC-2, suggesting excessive oxidation may damage the carbon structure.
Conclusions: The study concludes that the optimal HNO3 concentration for enhancing acetone adsorption on G-3 AC lies around 2 M. This approach highlights the potential of HNO3-modified AG-3 as an effective adsorbent for acetone remediation in adsorption application.
Methods: In this work, commercial AG-3 was treated with 2 M, 4, M and 6 M HNO3 solutions through reflux heating at 100 °C, followed by washing and drying. Adsorption experiments were conducted using gravimetric analysis at 25 °C and 1 atm, with kinetic data fitted to pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich, and Mor-ris-Weber models. The modified ACs were evaluated for their specific adsorption capacities and time-dependent adsorption behaviors.
Results: Results showed that HNO3 treatment enhanced acetone adsorption, with the 2 M HNO3-treated AC (HAC-2) exhibited the highest capacity of 0.2951 g/g, a 15 % improvement over unmodified AG-3 (0.2570). Kinetic studies revealed that the pseudo-second-order kinetic model best described the adsorption process, indicating chemisorption as the primary mechanism. As concentration of HNO3 increased (4 M and 6 M), it led to reduced adsorption capacity compared to HAC-2, suggesting excessive oxidation may damage the carbon structure.
Conclusions: The study concludes that the optimal HNO3 concentration for enhancing acetone adsorption on G-3 AC lies around 2 M. This approach highlights the potential of HNO3-modified AG-3 as an effective adsorbent for acetone remediation in adsorption application.
1. Changkai Zhou, Ke Zhou, Huan Li, Xiang Xu, Baogen Liu, Hailong Li, Zheng Zeng, Weiwu Ma, Liqing Li Pressure swing adsorption properties of activated carbon for methanol, acetone and toluene. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2021. Vol. 413. P. 1 – 12.
2. Vasiliki Tzanakopoulou, Michael Pollitt, Daniel Castro-Rodriguez, Dimitrios Gerogiorgis Dynamic Model Validation and Simulation of Acetone-Toluene and Benzene-Toluene Systems for Industrial Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Abatement. Ind Eng Chem Res. American Chemical Society, 2024. Vol. 63. No 16. P. 7281 – 7299.
3. Xiaotian Mu, Honglei Ding, Weiguo Pan, Qi Zhou, Wei Du, Kaina Qiu, Junchi Ma, Kai Zhang Research pro-gress in catalytic oxidation of volatile organic compound acetone. J Environ Chem Eng. Elsevier Ltd, 2021. Vol. 9, No 4. P. 1 – 13.
4. Lin Tang, Liqing Li, Ruofei Chen, Chunhao Wang, Weiwu Ma, Xiancheng Ma Adsorption of acetone and isopropanol on organic acid modified activated carbons. J Environ Chem Eng. Elsevier Ltd, 2016. Vol. 4. No 2. P. 2045 – 2051.
5. Halis Deviren, Erdal Çılğın Spectroscopic verification of biodiesel synthesis from turpentine tree oil through two-step chemical reactions: investigation of the use of synthesized biodiesel and acetone as fuel additives in diesel engines. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization and Environmental Effects. Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2024. Vol. 46. No 1. P. 35 – 53.
6. Martina Svabov, Olga Bicakova, Maryna Vorokhta Biochar as an effective material for acetone sorption and the effect of surface area on the mechanism of sorption. J Environ Manage. Academic Press, 2023. Vol. 348. P. 1 – 9/
7. Shanshan Wang, Jianggen Hu, Licheng Li, Songlin Zuo Understanding the Adsorption Kinetics of Acetone in Humid Activated Carbons: Perspectives from Adsorption-Breakthrough Experiments and Molecular Simulations. ACS Omega. American Chemical Society, 2024. P. 40368 – 40377/
8. Yafei Shena, Niyu Zhang/. Facile synthesis of porous carbons from silica-rich rice husk char for volatile or-ganic compounds (VOCs) sorption. Bioresour Technol. Elsevier Ltd, 2019. Vol. 282. P. 294 – 300.
9. Yongsheng Jia, Donghang Chen, Yan Li, Enze Li, Long Zhao, Limin Guo. Study on the adsorption mecha-nism of polar and non-polar VOCs by the activated carbon with surface oxygen. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2024. Vol. 490. P. 1 – 12.
10. Wenjun Xu, Yang Guo, Xiancheng Ma, Rongkui Su, Yihui Zhou, Hanqing Wang, Zheng Zeng, Liqing Li Nitrogen-oxygen doped hierarchical porous carbon with adjustable pore structure for efficient adsorption, separa-tion, and enhancement mechanism of methanol and acetone azeotropes: Experimental and theoretical study. Sep Purif Technol. Elsevier B.V., 2024. Vol. 334. P. 1 – 12.
11. Won-Ki Kim, Sherif Younis, Ki-Hyun Kim A strategy for the enhancement of trapping efficiency of gaseous benzene on activated carbon (AC) through modification of their surface functionalities. Environmental Pollution. Elsevier Ltd, 2021. Vol. 270. P. 1 – 14.
12. Miyeon Jeong, Shufang Zhao, Yujing Ji, Sher Ali Khan, Shahid Saqlain, Young Dok Kim Efficacious re-moval of benzene and ammonia gases over visible light irradiated activated carbon. Appl Surf Sci. 2023. Vol. 613. P. 1 – 12.
13. Yaxiong An, Qiang Fu, Donghui Zhang, Yayan Wang, Zhongli Tang Performance evaluation of activated carbon with different pore sizes and functional groups for VOC adsorption by molecular simulation. Chemosphere. Elsevier Ltd, 2019. Vol. 227. P. 9 – 16.
14. Indujalekshmi J., Arsha M.S, Biju V. KOH Mediated structural modification of activated charcoal by heat treatment for the efficient adsorption of organic dyes. Applied Surface Science Advances. 2024. Vol. 19. P. 1 – 11.
15. Pengbo Liu, Shuo Sun, Sheng Huang, Youqing Wu, Xueqin Li, Xiao Wei, Shiyong Wu KOH Activation Mechanism in the Preparation of Brewer’s Spent Grain-Based Activated Carbons. Catalysts. Multidisciplinary Dig-ital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2024. Vol. 14. No 11. P. 1 – 21.
16. Zhihua Deng, Qiuhan Zhang, Qing Deng, Zhanhu Guo, Ilwoo Seok Modification of coconut shell activated carbon and purification of volatile organic waste gas acetone. Adv Compos Hybrid Mater. Springer Science and Business/ 2022. Vol. 5. No 1. P. 491 – 503.
17. Khu Le Van, Thuy Luong Thi Thu, Ha Nguyen Thi Thu, Hung Van Hoang Activated Carbon by KOH and NaOH Activation: Preparation and Electrochemical Performance in K2SO4 and Na2SO4 Electrolytes. Russian Journal of Electrochemistry. Pleiades Publishing. 2019. Vol. 55. No 9. P. 900 – 907.
18. Rui Shi, Hongyu Chen, Baogen Liu, Changkai Zhou, Wenji Pi, Zheng Zeng, Liqing Li Porous carbon fibers from low-temperature sodium amide activation for acetone adsorption. Mater Chem Phys. Elsevier Ltd, 2022. Vol. 286. P. 1 – 10.
19. Xing Rong, Qing Cao, Yan Gao, Xin Du, Huawei Dou, Min Yan, Shijie Li, Qian Wang, Zhanchao Zhang, Baoming Chen Performance optimization and kinetic analysis of HNO3 coupled with microwave rapidly modified coconut shell activated carbon for VOCs adsorption. Front Energy Res. Frontiers. 2023. Vol. 10. P. 1 – 14.
20. Xuan Guo, Jianlong Wang A general kinetic model for adsorption: Theoretical analysis and modeling. J Mol Liq. 2019. Vol. 288. P. 1 – 8.
21. Lucija Pustahija, Christine Bandl, Sayed Ali Ahmad Alem, Wolfgang Kern Surface Functionalization of Ac-tivated Carbon: Coupling of 3-(Aminopropyl) trimethoxysilane and (3-Glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane. C-Journal of Carbon Research. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI). 2024. Vol. 10. No 4. P. 1 – 16.
2. Vasiliki Tzanakopoulou, Michael Pollitt, Daniel Castro-Rodriguez, Dimitrios Gerogiorgis Dynamic Model Validation and Simulation of Acetone-Toluene and Benzene-Toluene Systems for Industrial Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Abatement. Ind Eng Chem Res. American Chemical Society, 2024. Vol. 63. No 16. P. 7281 – 7299.
3. Xiaotian Mu, Honglei Ding, Weiguo Pan, Qi Zhou, Wei Du, Kaina Qiu, Junchi Ma, Kai Zhang Research pro-gress in catalytic oxidation of volatile organic compound acetone. J Environ Chem Eng. Elsevier Ltd, 2021. Vol. 9, No 4. P. 1 – 13.
4. Lin Tang, Liqing Li, Ruofei Chen, Chunhao Wang, Weiwu Ma, Xiancheng Ma Adsorption of acetone and isopropanol on organic acid modified activated carbons. J Environ Chem Eng. Elsevier Ltd, 2016. Vol. 4. No 2. P. 2045 – 2051.
5. Halis Deviren, Erdal Çılğın Spectroscopic verification of biodiesel synthesis from turpentine tree oil through two-step chemical reactions: investigation of the use of synthesized biodiesel and acetone as fuel additives in diesel engines. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization and Environmental Effects. Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2024. Vol. 46. No 1. P. 35 – 53.
6. Martina Svabov, Olga Bicakova, Maryna Vorokhta Biochar as an effective material for acetone sorption and the effect of surface area on the mechanism of sorption. J Environ Manage. Academic Press, 2023. Vol. 348. P. 1 – 9/
7. Shanshan Wang, Jianggen Hu, Licheng Li, Songlin Zuo Understanding the Adsorption Kinetics of Acetone in Humid Activated Carbons: Perspectives from Adsorption-Breakthrough Experiments and Molecular Simulations. ACS Omega. American Chemical Society, 2024. P. 40368 – 40377/
8. Yafei Shena, Niyu Zhang/. Facile synthesis of porous carbons from silica-rich rice husk char for volatile or-ganic compounds (VOCs) sorption. Bioresour Technol. Elsevier Ltd, 2019. Vol. 282. P. 294 – 300.
9. Yongsheng Jia, Donghang Chen, Yan Li, Enze Li, Long Zhao, Limin Guo. Study on the adsorption mecha-nism of polar and non-polar VOCs by the activated carbon with surface oxygen. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2024. Vol. 490. P. 1 – 12.
10. Wenjun Xu, Yang Guo, Xiancheng Ma, Rongkui Su, Yihui Zhou, Hanqing Wang, Zheng Zeng, Liqing Li Nitrogen-oxygen doped hierarchical porous carbon with adjustable pore structure for efficient adsorption, separa-tion, and enhancement mechanism of methanol and acetone azeotropes: Experimental and theoretical study. Sep Purif Technol. Elsevier B.V., 2024. Vol. 334. P. 1 – 12.
11. Won-Ki Kim, Sherif Younis, Ki-Hyun Kim A strategy for the enhancement of trapping efficiency of gaseous benzene on activated carbon (AC) through modification of their surface functionalities. Environmental Pollution. Elsevier Ltd, 2021. Vol. 270. P. 1 – 14.
12. Miyeon Jeong, Shufang Zhao, Yujing Ji, Sher Ali Khan, Shahid Saqlain, Young Dok Kim Efficacious re-moval of benzene and ammonia gases over visible light irradiated activated carbon. Appl Surf Sci. 2023. Vol. 613. P. 1 – 12.
13. Yaxiong An, Qiang Fu, Donghui Zhang, Yayan Wang, Zhongli Tang Performance evaluation of activated carbon with different pore sizes and functional groups for VOC adsorption by molecular simulation. Chemosphere. Elsevier Ltd, 2019. Vol. 227. P. 9 – 16.
14. Indujalekshmi J., Arsha M.S, Biju V. KOH Mediated structural modification of activated charcoal by heat treatment for the efficient adsorption of organic dyes. Applied Surface Science Advances. 2024. Vol. 19. P. 1 – 11.
15. Pengbo Liu, Shuo Sun, Sheng Huang, Youqing Wu, Xueqin Li, Xiao Wei, Shiyong Wu KOH Activation Mechanism in the Preparation of Brewer’s Spent Grain-Based Activated Carbons. Catalysts. Multidisciplinary Dig-ital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2024. Vol. 14. No 11. P. 1 – 21.
16. Zhihua Deng, Qiuhan Zhang, Qing Deng, Zhanhu Guo, Ilwoo Seok Modification of coconut shell activated carbon and purification of volatile organic waste gas acetone. Adv Compos Hybrid Mater. Springer Science and Business/ 2022. Vol. 5. No 1. P. 491 – 503.
17. Khu Le Van, Thuy Luong Thi Thu, Ha Nguyen Thi Thu, Hung Van Hoang Activated Carbon by KOH and NaOH Activation: Preparation and Electrochemical Performance in K2SO4 and Na2SO4 Electrolytes. Russian Journal of Electrochemistry. Pleiades Publishing. 2019. Vol. 55. No 9. P. 900 – 907.
18. Rui Shi, Hongyu Chen, Baogen Liu, Changkai Zhou, Wenji Pi, Zheng Zeng, Liqing Li Porous carbon fibers from low-temperature sodium amide activation for acetone adsorption. Mater Chem Phys. Elsevier Ltd, 2022. Vol. 286. P. 1 – 10.
19. Xing Rong, Qing Cao, Yan Gao, Xin Du, Huawei Dou, Min Yan, Shijie Li, Qian Wang, Zhanchao Zhang, Baoming Chen Performance optimization and kinetic analysis of HNO3 coupled with microwave rapidly modified coconut shell activated carbon for VOCs adsorption. Front Energy Res. Frontiers. 2023. Vol. 10. P. 1 – 14.
20. Xuan Guo, Jianlong Wang A general kinetic model for adsorption: Theoretical analysis and modeling. J Mol Liq. 2019. Vol. 288. P. 1 – 8.
21. Lucija Pustahija, Christine Bandl, Sayed Ali Ahmad Alem, Wolfgang Kern Surface Functionalization of Ac-tivated Carbon: Coupling of 3-(Aminopropyl) trimethoxysilane and (3-Glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane. C-Journal of Carbon Research. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI). 2024. Vol. 10. No 4. P. 1 – 16.
Tkabo Tewelde Sahle Adsorption of Acetone on HNO3-Treated AG-3 Activated Carbon: Performance and Kinetic Study. Chemical Bulletin. 2025. 8 (2). 1. https://doi.org/10.58224/2619-0575-2025-8-2-1