English
Русский
Objectives: the purpose of the work is to consider bioethanol as a promising renewable fuel, analyze its production technology, raw material base, technological generations, as well as the structure of the global market and its environmental role.
The methods consist in analyzing the historical development of technology. A review of the raw material base (sugar-containing, starch-containing, lignocellulose materials) and an analysis of global experience (Brazil, USA, EU) and the potential of Russia. The article highlights the history of bioethanol development, starting with the first developments of Henry Ford and ending with modern trends and technologies. The factors contributing to the growing interest in bioethanol production technology are analyzed. The different generations of bioethanol (first, second, third and fourth) are considered in detail. Special attention is paid to the overview of the global bioethanol market, its current state and growth forecasts due to strict environmental regulations and the increased use of bio-fuels in the transportation industry.
Results. The data on different generations of bioethanol, their advantages and disadvantages are systematized. A comparative analysis of the effectiveness of different types of raw materials (yield, ethanol yield) is presented. An assessment of Russia's prospects in the development of the bioethanol industry is given against the background of international experience. The article discusses the raw material base and technologies for the production of first-generation bioethanol from sugar cane, corn, wheat, and sugar beet. In addition, promising areas of technology for the production of bioethanol of the second and third generations are being considered. Where lignocellulose raw materials such as wood waste, straw waste, and fast-growing energy crops are used as raw materials. Special at-tention is paid to comparing the effectiveness of different types of raw materials: sugar-containing crops (sugar beet, cane), starch-containing (cereals, potatoes) and lignocellulose waste (straw, wood, miscanthus). The ecologi-cal role of bioethanol and its importance for energy security are emphasized.
Conclusions. Sugar-containing raw materials demonstrate high efficiency, but their use is limited by seasonality and competition with the food industry. Starch-containing cultures provide stable ethanol yield, but require addi-tional hydrolysis steps. Lignocellulose raw materials are the most promising direction for second—generation bio-ethanol. It solves the problem of waste disposal and does not compete with food resources, but requires more so-phisticated processing technologies. The market leaders are Brazil (cane ethanol), the USA (corn), and the EU (lignocellulose technologies). Their success is linked to government support and environmental regulations. Russia also has significant raw material potential for the development of this industry. The article is based on current re-search and contains comparative characteristics of raw materials, which makes it useful for specialists in the field of bioenergy, agriculture and ecology.
The methods consist in analyzing the historical development of technology. A review of the raw material base (sugar-containing, starch-containing, lignocellulose materials) and an analysis of global experience (Brazil, USA, EU) and the potential of Russia. The article highlights the history of bioethanol development, starting with the first developments of Henry Ford and ending with modern trends and technologies. The factors contributing to the growing interest in bioethanol production technology are analyzed. The different generations of bioethanol (first, second, third and fourth) are considered in detail. Special attention is paid to the overview of the global bioethanol market, its current state and growth forecasts due to strict environmental regulations and the increased use of bio-fuels in the transportation industry.
Results. The data on different generations of bioethanol, their advantages and disadvantages are systematized. A comparative analysis of the effectiveness of different types of raw materials (yield, ethanol yield) is presented. An assessment of Russia's prospects in the development of the bioethanol industry is given against the background of international experience. The article discusses the raw material base and technologies for the production of first-generation bioethanol from sugar cane, corn, wheat, and sugar beet. In addition, promising areas of technology for the production of bioethanol of the second and third generations are being considered. Where lignocellulose raw materials such as wood waste, straw waste, and fast-growing energy crops are used as raw materials. Special at-tention is paid to comparing the effectiveness of different types of raw materials: sugar-containing crops (sugar beet, cane), starch-containing (cereals, potatoes) and lignocellulose waste (straw, wood, miscanthus). The ecologi-cal role of bioethanol and its importance for energy security are emphasized.
Conclusions. Sugar-containing raw materials demonstrate high efficiency, but their use is limited by seasonality and competition with the food industry. Starch-containing cultures provide stable ethanol yield, but require addi-tional hydrolysis steps. Lignocellulose raw materials are the most promising direction for second—generation bio-ethanol. It solves the problem of waste disposal and does not compete with food resources, but requires more so-phisticated processing technologies. The market leaders are Brazil (cane ethanol), the USA (corn), and the EU (lignocellulose technologies). Their success is linked to government support and environmental regulations. Russia also has significant raw material potential for the development of this industry. The article is based on current re-search and contains comparative characteristics of raw materials, which makes it useful for specialists in the field of bioenergy, agriculture and ecology.
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9. Hans M. et al. Production of first-and second-generation ethanol for use in alcohol-based hand sanitizers and disinfectants in India. Biomass conversion and biorefinery. 2023. Vol. 13. No. 9. P. 7423 – 7440.
10. Rahman M.H., Bhoi P.R. An overview of non-biodegradable bioplastics. Journal of cleaner production. 2021. Vol. 294. P. 126218.
11. Bustamante-Silveira M. et al. Carbon footprint of four bioethanol cropping systems in a temperate region. Biofuels. 2024. Vol. 15. No. 8. P. 1029 – 1039.
12. Benavides P. T. et al. Cradle-to-Gate greenhouse gas emissions of the production of ethylene from US Corn ethanol and comparison to fossil-derived ethylene production. Bioresource Technology. 2025. P. 132565.
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14. Golovin M.S. Second-generation bioethanol production in the Russian Federation against the background of global trends. Economy and Management. 2022. Vol. 28. No. 11. P. 1133 – 1145.
15. Chandrasekhar T. et al. Algae: the reservoir of bioethanol. Fermentation. 2023. Vol. 9. No. 8. P. 712.
16. Adams J.M., Gallagher J.A., Donnison I.S. Fermentation study on Saccharina latissima for bioethanol pro-duction considering variable pre-treatments. Journal of applied Phycology. 2009. T. 21. P. 569 – 574.
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20. Nabieva F.S., Kudratova Z.E., Kuvandikov G.B. The role of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the development of modern biotechnology. Achievements of science and education. 2021. No. 5 (77). P. 57 – 60.
21. Global Sugar Market Report – May 2023 [Electronic resource]. Ragus. 2023. URL: https://www.ragus.co.uk/global-sugar-market-report-may-2023/ (date of access: 09.01.2025)
22. Gulidova V.A. Technological qualities of KWS sugar beet hybrids in the conditions of the northwest of the Central Black Earth Region. Bulletin of Michurinsk State Agrarian University. 2021. No. 1 (64). P. 15.
23. Fedulova T.P., Khussein A.S., Nalbandyan A.A. Promising strategy for the use of molecular markers in the breeding of Beta vulgaris L. (review). Agrarian Bulletin of the Urals. 2023. No. 02 (231). P. 71 – 82. DOI: 10.32417/1997-4868-2023-231-02-71-82
24. Kozenyasheva A.A. Methods of processing sugar beet pulp for bioethanol production. Youth for sustainable development of regions: Proceedings of the scientific and practical conference of student scientific associations, Tambov, September 21, 2023. Tambov: Tambov State Technical University, 2023. P. 174 – 177.
25. Wirawan S.S. et al. Unlocking Indonesia's sweet sorghum potential: A techno-economic analysis of small-scale integrated sorghum-based fuel grade bioethanol industry. Bioresource Technology Reports. 2024. Vol. 25. P. 101706.
26. Romanyukin A.E., Kovtunova N.A. Study of promising varieties of sweet sorghum. Agrarian Bulletin of the Urals. 2023. No. 7 (236). P. 22 – 31.
27. Medrish M.E. et al. Analysis of technologies for processing Jerusalem artichoke into distillates and alcoholic beverages based on them. Bulletin of the Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University. 2023. No. 12 (201). P. 260 – 266.
28. Gorpinichenko S.I., Kovtunov V.V. Prospects for the production of bioethanol from sorghum. Grain Econ-omy of Russia. 2009. No. 4. P. 26 – 34.
29. Davidovich E.A. Influence of qualitative indicators of molasses on the yield of alcohol. Food and processing industry. Abstract journal. 2010. No. 4. P. 1026.
30. Noorghadami Z. et al. Investigation on the effect of drying-off and harvest date management on quantitative and qualitative yield of sugarcane. Sugar Tech. 2022. Vol. 24. No. 6. P. 1699 – 1709.
31. Nekrasova T.P., Eremenko K.S. Formation of yield and sugar yield in root crops of sugar beet hybrids. A25 Agrarian science in the North – for agriculture: Proceedings of the VII All-Russian scientific and practical confer-ence (with international participation).eds.: A.A. Yudin, T.V. Tarabukina, T.V. Kosolapova. Syktyvkar 2025. P. 64 – 68.
32. Batsazov A.R., Aliev K.R. Studies of the Influence of a Complex of Enzyme Preparations on the Saccharifi-cation Process in the Production of Alcohol from Corn. Technical and Natural Sciences: Collection of Articles from the International Scientific Conference, St. Petersburg, 2022. P. 60 – 63.
33. Joyia M.A.K. et al. Trends and Advances in Sustainable Bioethanol Production Technologies from First to Fourth Generation: a Critical Review. Energy Conversion and Management. 2024. Vol. 321. P. 119037.
34. Bioethanol: Prospects for Production and Use in Russia and the World [Electronic Resource]. Miranda Group. URL: https://mirandagroup.ru/?p=9677_bioetanol (date of access: 06.09.2025)
35. Rewlay-Ngoen C. et al. Evaluation of the environmental performance of bioethanol from cassava pulp using life cycle assessment. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2021. Vol. 284. P. 124741.
36. Korshunov A.V. et al. Managing starch content in potatoes. Agrarian Bulletin of the Urals. 2011. No. 2. P. 47 – 50.
37. Bryakov V.K. et al. Technology for producing concentrated feed and industrial alcohol based on potatoes. Machinery and equipment for the village. 2014. No. 1. P. 14 – 16.
38. Gelfand E.D., Emelyanova M.V. Patent No. 2451080 C1 Russian Federation, IPC C12P 7/06. Method of preparing potatoes for processing into alcohol: No. 2010144588/10: declared 29.10.2010: published 20.05.2012. applicant Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Northern (Arctic) Federal University" (NAFU).
39. Koverninsky I.N., Dubovy V.K., Gedio V.M. et al. Cellulose-fiber material for paper from miscanthus. For-ests of Russia: policy, industry, science, education: proceedings of the VII All-Russian scientific and technical con-ference, St. Petersburg, 2022. P. 189 – 191.
40. Skiba E.A. Transformation of giant miscanthus into biotechnological synthesis products: calculation of ma-terial flows. BIOAsia-Altai. 2024. Vol. 4. No. 1. P. 500 – 504.
41. Shavyrkina N.A., Gismatulina Yu.A., Budaeva V.V. Prospects for Chemical and Biotechnological Pro-cessing of Miscanthus. News of Universities. Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology. 2022. Vol. 12. No. 3 (42). P. 383 – 393.
42. Baras J.K., Gaćeša S.B., Pejin D.J. Ethanol is a Strategic Raw Material. Hemijska industrija. 2002. Vol. 56. No. 3. P. 89 – 104.
2. Grandis A. et al. Scientific research on bioethanol in Brazil: history and prospects for sustainable biofuel. Sustainability. 2024. Vol. 16. No. 10. P. 4167.
3. Awodi P.S., Ogbonna J.C., Nwagu T.N. Bioconversion of mango (Mangifera indica) seed kernel starch into bioethanol using various fermentation techniques. Heliyon. 2022. Vol. 8. No. 6
4. Ahmednooh M., Menezes B. Ethanol Content Increase in Gasoline Toward Sustainable Liquid Fuels World-wide: Impacts on Manufacturing and Supply Chains via Discrete-Event Scenarios. Sustainability. 2025. Vol. 17. No. 11. P. 4884.
5. Ghosh N. et al. Ethical issues pertaining to sustainable biodiesel synthesis over trans/esterification process. Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy. 2023. Vol. 33. P. 101123.
6. Pecho P. et al. Possibilities of Using Bioethanol as an Alternative Fuel in the Conditions of Jet Engines. Transportation Research Procedia. 2021. Vol. 59. P. 183 – 192. (Scopus)
7. Ethanol Blending Mandate [Electronic resource]. International Energy Agency (IEA). URL: https://www.iea.org/policies/2021-ethanol-blending-mandate (date of access: 01.09.2025)
8. Warguła Ł. et al. Critical Concerns Regarding the Transition from E5 to E10 Gasoline in the European Union, Particularly in Poland in 2024 – A Theoretical and Experimental Analysis of the Problem of Controlling the Air–Fuel Mixture Composition (AFR) and the λ Coefficient. Energies. 2025. Vol. 18. No. 4. P. 852.
9. Hans M. et al. Production of first-and second-generation ethanol for use in alcohol-based hand sanitizers and disinfectants in India. Biomass conversion and biorefinery. 2023. Vol. 13. No. 9. P. 7423 – 7440.
10. Rahman M.H., Bhoi P.R. An overview of non-biodegradable bioplastics. Journal of cleaner production. 2021. Vol. 294. P. 126218.
11. Bustamante-Silveira M. et al. Carbon footprint of four bioethanol cropping systems in a temperate region. Biofuels. 2024. Vol. 15. No. 8. P. 1029 – 1039.
12. Benavides P. T. et al. Cradle-to-Gate greenhouse gas emissions of the production of ethylene from US Corn ethanol and comparison to fossil-derived ethylene production. Bioresource Technology. 2025. P. 132565.
13. RES in Transport Barometer 2022 [Electronic resource]. EurObserv’ER. 2022. URL: https://www.eurobserv-er.org/res-in-transport-barometer-2022 (date of access: 09.01.2025)
14. Golovin M.S. Second-generation bioethanol production in the Russian Federation against the background of global trends. Economy and Management. 2022. Vol. 28. No. 11. P. 1133 – 1145.
15. Chandrasekhar T. et al. Algae: the reservoir of bioethanol. Fermentation. 2023. Vol. 9. No. 8. P. 712.
16. Adams J.M., Gallagher J.A., Donnison I.S. Fermentation study on Saccharina latissima for bioethanol pro-duction considering variable pre-treatments. Journal of applied Phycology. 2009. T. 21. P. 569 – 574.
17. MME discute transição energética na aviação [Electronic resource]. Ministério de Minas e Energia (Brasil). 2023. URL: https://www.gov.br/mme/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/mme-discute-transicao-energetica-na-aviacao (date of access: 09.01.2025)
18. Fit for 55: agreement on more ambitious emission reductions in aviation [Electronic resource]. European Parliament. 2022. URL: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/fit-for-55/ (date of access: 09.01.2025)
19. Yurova Ya. Grain-fed vehicles [Electronic resource]. Kommersant. 2024. URL: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/6744832 (date accessed: 09.01.2025)
20. Nabieva F.S., Kudratova Z.E., Kuvandikov G.B. The role of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the development of modern biotechnology. Achievements of science and education. 2021. No. 5 (77). P. 57 – 60.
21. Global Sugar Market Report – May 2023 [Electronic resource]. Ragus. 2023. URL: https://www.ragus.co.uk/global-sugar-market-report-may-2023/ (date of access: 09.01.2025)
22. Gulidova V.A. Technological qualities of KWS sugar beet hybrids in the conditions of the northwest of the Central Black Earth Region. Bulletin of Michurinsk State Agrarian University. 2021. No. 1 (64). P. 15.
23. Fedulova T.P., Khussein A.S., Nalbandyan A.A. Promising strategy for the use of molecular markers in the breeding of Beta vulgaris L. (review). Agrarian Bulletin of the Urals. 2023. No. 02 (231). P. 71 – 82. DOI: 10.32417/1997-4868-2023-231-02-71-82
24. Kozenyasheva A.A. Methods of processing sugar beet pulp for bioethanol production. Youth for sustainable development of regions: Proceedings of the scientific and practical conference of student scientific associations, Tambov, September 21, 2023. Tambov: Tambov State Technical University, 2023. P. 174 – 177.
25. Wirawan S.S. et al. Unlocking Indonesia's sweet sorghum potential: A techno-economic analysis of small-scale integrated sorghum-based fuel grade bioethanol industry. Bioresource Technology Reports. 2024. Vol. 25. P. 101706.
26. Romanyukin A.E., Kovtunova N.A. Study of promising varieties of sweet sorghum. Agrarian Bulletin of the Urals. 2023. No. 7 (236). P. 22 – 31.
27. Medrish M.E. et al. Analysis of technologies for processing Jerusalem artichoke into distillates and alcoholic beverages based on them. Bulletin of the Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University. 2023. No. 12 (201). P. 260 – 266.
28. Gorpinichenko S.I., Kovtunov V.V. Prospects for the production of bioethanol from sorghum. Grain Econ-omy of Russia. 2009. No. 4. P. 26 – 34.
29. Davidovich E.A. Influence of qualitative indicators of molasses on the yield of alcohol. Food and processing industry. Abstract journal. 2010. No. 4. P. 1026.
30. Noorghadami Z. et al. Investigation on the effect of drying-off and harvest date management on quantitative and qualitative yield of sugarcane. Sugar Tech. 2022. Vol. 24. No. 6. P. 1699 – 1709.
31. Nekrasova T.P., Eremenko K.S. Formation of yield and sugar yield in root crops of sugar beet hybrids. A25 Agrarian science in the North – for agriculture: Proceedings of the VII All-Russian scientific and practical confer-ence (with international participation).eds.: A.A. Yudin, T.V. Tarabukina, T.V. Kosolapova. Syktyvkar 2025. P. 64 – 68.
32. Batsazov A.R., Aliev K.R. Studies of the Influence of a Complex of Enzyme Preparations on the Saccharifi-cation Process in the Production of Alcohol from Corn. Technical and Natural Sciences: Collection of Articles from the International Scientific Conference, St. Petersburg, 2022. P. 60 – 63.
33. Joyia M.A.K. et al. Trends and Advances in Sustainable Bioethanol Production Technologies from First to Fourth Generation: a Critical Review. Energy Conversion and Management. 2024. Vol. 321. P. 119037.
34. Bioethanol: Prospects for Production and Use in Russia and the World [Electronic Resource]. Miranda Group. URL: https://mirandagroup.ru/?p=9677_bioetanol (date of access: 06.09.2025)
35. Rewlay-Ngoen C. et al. Evaluation of the environmental performance of bioethanol from cassava pulp using life cycle assessment. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2021. Vol. 284. P. 124741.
36. Korshunov A.V. et al. Managing starch content in potatoes. Agrarian Bulletin of the Urals. 2011. No. 2. P. 47 – 50.
37. Bryakov V.K. et al. Technology for producing concentrated feed and industrial alcohol based on potatoes. Machinery and equipment for the village. 2014. No. 1. P. 14 – 16.
38. Gelfand E.D., Emelyanova M.V. Patent No. 2451080 C1 Russian Federation, IPC C12P 7/06. Method of preparing potatoes for processing into alcohol: No. 2010144588/10: declared 29.10.2010: published 20.05.2012. applicant Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Northern (Arctic) Federal University" (NAFU).
39. Koverninsky I.N., Dubovy V.K., Gedio V.M. et al. Cellulose-fiber material for paper from miscanthus. For-ests of Russia: policy, industry, science, education: proceedings of the VII All-Russian scientific and technical con-ference, St. Petersburg, 2022. P. 189 – 191.
40. Skiba E.A. Transformation of giant miscanthus into biotechnological synthesis products: calculation of ma-terial flows. BIOAsia-Altai. 2024. Vol. 4. No. 1. P. 500 – 504.
41. Shavyrkina N.A., Gismatulina Yu.A., Budaeva V.V. Prospects for Chemical and Biotechnological Pro-cessing of Miscanthus. News of Universities. Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology. 2022. Vol. 12. No. 3 (42). P. 383 – 393.
42. Baras J.K., Gaćeša S.B., Pejin D.J. Ethanol is a Strategic Raw Material. Hemijska industrija. 2002. Vol. 56. No. 3. P. 89 – 104.
Valeeva A.R., Khaziakhmedova R.M. Prospects for the development and analysis of raw materials for bioethanol production. Chemical Bulletin. 2025. 8 (2). 4. https://doi.org/10.58224/2619-0575-2025-8-2-4