English English

Archives

Influence of the complex phytogenic additive “Resovet” on detoxification systems, antioxidant protection, productivity and intestinal microbiocenosis in broilers under mycotoxicosis conditions

https://doi.org/10.58224/2619-0575-2025-8-4-6
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination of feed poses a serious threat to the poultry industry, causing significant economic losses. Traditional adsorbents are ineffective against a wide range of toxins and can reduce the nutritional value of feed. Therefore, developing strategies to activate the animal's endogenous detoxification systems is a pressing issue. This study examined the efficacy of the complex phytogenic supplement (CPS) "Rezovet," containing N-acetylcysteine (NAC), alkylresorcinols, and indole compounds, under experimental mycotoxicosis induced by zearalenone (ZEN) and ochratoxin A (OA). An in vitro experiment on the human hepatoma cell line HepG2 demonstrated that "Rezovet" and its components reliably activate nuclear factor 2 (NRF2), the main regulator of the antioxidant and detoxification response. NRF2 activation was accompanied by an increase in glutathione-S-transferase (GST) gene mRNA expression and its total activity. Furthermore, NAC and indole-3-propionic acid induced a cytoprotective autophagic response in ZEN-exposed cells. Inhibition of autophagy by chloroquine eliminated the protective effect. In an in vivo experiment on Cobb-500 broilers (n=120), the addition of Rezovet (0.5 kg/t feed) to a diet contaminated with ZEN (0.5 mg/kg) and OA (0.25 mg/kg) significantly (p<0.05) reduced liver damage and oxidative stress (a 35% decrease in malondialdehyde levels, a 50% increase in glutathione), while simultaneously increasing GST activity by 40%. Significant improvements in productivity were recorded: livestock survival increased by 4.2%, live weight at 28 days increased by 8.5%, and feed conversion improved by 5.7% compared to the group receiving mycotoxins alone. Metagenomic analysis revealed a 152% increase in the proportion of the commensal bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila in the caecal microbiome and a suppression of urease-producing bacteria (Proteus spp., Klebsiella spp.) in the litter. The synergistic mechanism of action of Rezovet, combining the activation of cellular defense systems and the modulation of microbial communities through mechanisms described in the theory of microbial autoregulation, is discussed. Rezovet is shown to be an effective non-adsorptive agent for the biological detoxification of mycotoxins and microbiome management.
PDF

Highly dispersed modifier of cement composites based on natural wollastonite

https://doi.org/10.58224/2619-0575-2025-8-4-7
, , ,
Abstract
Objectives: development of a highly dispersed modifier based on natural vollastonite, which ensures the production of construction products with improved physical and mechanical properties.
Methods. The evaluation of the raw materials and the effect of their highly dispersed suspension obtained by ultrasonic dispersion on the structure and properties of cement stone and fine-grained concrete was performed using methods specified in GOST R 56593-2015 and GOST 10060-2012, as well as scanning electron microscopy, laser diffraction, nitrogen porometry, and X-ray phase analysis.
Results. The pozzolanic activity of the highly dispersed vollastonite additive was determined to be 87.3 mg/g, and it was confirmed by a 18.2% decrease in the intensity of Portlandite X-ray reflexes in the modified cement stone samples. The corrected frost resistance of the modified fine-grained concrete is noted, which is due to the integral homogeneous microstructure and the reduction in the total porosity of the cement stone from 0.0043 to 0.0019 cm3/g, i.e., by 2.4 times, compared to the control samples, with an increased concentration of crystalline phases of wateerite μ-CaCO3 and wairakite Ca(AlSi2O6)2∙2H2O. It was found that cement stone with a highly dispersed modifier has a relative increase of 32.4% and 5.4% in the concentration of crystalline phases of alite 3CaO∙SiO2 and belite β-2CaO∙SiO2, respectively.
Conclusions. The possibility of using mineral powder of substandard natural wollastonite with a specific surface area of 45786 cm2/cm3 and a particle size of 2.17 μm as a modifier of the structure and properties of fine-grained concrete has been proven and scientifically substantiated. A highly dispersed suspension of wollastonite with an average particle size of 0.405 μm, obtained by ultrasonic dispersion of the initial raw material in an aqueous medium of a polycarboxylate ester-based stabilizer for 5 minutes, with a content of 10% of the cement mass in fine-grained concrete, allows for the production of products with a bending strength of 6.8 MPa, a compressive strength of 58.5 MPa, and a frost resistance rating of F500.
PDF

Formation of diesel fuel aerosols in the presence of propylene oxide and its derivatives

https://doi.org/10.58224/2619-0575-2025-8-4-8
, ,
Abstract
Studying the formation of diesel fuel aerosols in the presence of propylene oxide and its derivatives in a laboratory setup allows us to closely approximate the process of real-life mixture formation in diesel engines and determine the influence of these compounds on combustion efficiency and exhaust smoke.
Objective. To identify differences in the aerosol formation characteristics of diesel fuel without additives and diesel fuel containing propylene oxide and its derivatives as additives.
Methods. The method involves using a steam generator to generate aerosols and a high-speed video camera to capture all stages of aerosol formation. A high-speed CMOS video camera, "Phantom MIRO M310" (image type – 1080p), was used to record the process under study. monochrome; maximum resolution 1280×800 pixels; maxi-mum shooting speed – 6.5 105 fps; minimum exposure time – 1 μs; maximum image bit depth – 12 bits). A SIGMA 50 mm 1:2.8D MACRO EX lens (focal length – 50 mm, relative aperture – 2.8) was used for video recording. A Multiled PT-V9 GS Vitec LED illuminator (number of LEDs – 24; luminous flux – 7700 lm; power – 84 W, disper-sion angle – 30º) was used to illuminate the recording area. A matte polycarbonate screen (2 mm thick) was used to diffuse the light from the illuminator. The LED illuminator and CMOS video camera were placed opposite each other so that the optical axis of the camera coincided with the direction of the luminous flux of the illuminator.
Results and conclusions. Introduction into the diesel engine Adding 0.1% propylene oxide and its derivatives to fuel reduces the onset of intense fuel evaporation by up to two times. In a real engine, this effect will significantly reduce the size of liquid diesel fuel droplets in the cylinder, leading to more complete combustion and reduced soot formation. This results in increased power, reduced fuel consumption, and reduced exhaust smoke.
PDF

Sorption characteristics of bacterial cellulose obtained from the symbiotic culture of Medusomyces gisevii

https://doi.org/10.58224/2619-0575-2025-8-4-9
, , , , ,
Abstract
The structural and sorption characteristics of bacterial cellulose (BC) synthesized by the symbiotic culture of Kombucha Medusomyces gisevii in nutrient media with different carbon sources (3% sucrose, 6% sucrose, 6% molasses) were studied. It was found that the maximum specific yield of BC biomass was observed when using 6% molasses (11.807 g/g), while the highest content of pure cellulose was recorded in a medium with 6% sucrose (3.81%). Scanning electron microscopy and gas adsorption analysis showed that lyophilized BC samples have a developed macroporous structure. The sorption capacity of the materials with respect to the cationic dye methylene blue was studied. It was found that lyophilized BC possesses a significantly higher sorption capacity (22.809 mg/g) compared to the native film dried by convection (11.689 mg/g). The potential of using bacterial cellulose as a basis for sorption materials and functional carriers is demonstrated.
Objectives: study of the influence of cultivation conditions and drying methods on the structural, morphological and adsorption characteristics of bacterial cellulose.
Methods. Nutrient media with varying carbon sources were used for cultivation. Sample structure was examined using a Nova NanoSem 450 scanning electron microscope (FEI Company, USA) and a TriStar II 3020 gas adsorption analyzer (Micromeritics, USA). Sorption capacity was determined using a Nabi spectrophotometer (MicroDigital Co., Republic of Korea) based on the absorption of methylene blue from an aqueous solution.
Results. Optimal cultivation conditions for maximum biomass yield and cellulose content were determined. It was found that freeze-drying produces a material with a high specific surface area and a developed porous structure, resulting in increased sorption activity.
Conclusions. Bacterial cellulose, especially its lyophilized form, demonstrates high potential as an effective and biocompatible sorbent, as well as a promising carrier of active substances and medicinal preparations.
PDF

Adsorption of methylene blue by activated pyrolysis products of sunflower seed husks

https://doi.org/10.58224/2619-0575-2025-8-3-1
, ,
Abstract
In the context of the global environmental crisis caused by the rapid growth of industrial and household waste, the search for effective methods of their recycling is becoming a key task of sustainable development. Traditional disposal methods, such as burial or incineration, not only require significant resources, but also lead to atmospheric pollution with negatively biologically active gases. In this context, pyrolysis of carbon-containing waste represents a promising alternative combining environmental safety and economic feasibility. Unlike combustion, pyrolysis takes place in an environment with a limited oxygen content, which minimizes CO and CO2 emissions, and also allows for the production of valuable secondary products — pyrolysis gases, liquid and solid carbon materials. The latter are suitable for use as adsorbents. Activation of pyrolysis products by chemical reagents (alkalis, acids, or steam) is used to increase the adsorption capacity, which significantly increases their porosity and adsorption capacity. In this work, the adsorption properties of sunflower husk pyrolysis products activated with an aqueous 2 M solution of potassium hydroxide (KL-21(A)), sunflower husk pyrolysis products combined with bentonite clay (KL-21(A)) and pyrolysis products of crushed worn car tires (KR-21(A)) were determined. Their effectiveness in terms of adsorption of methylene blue (MG), a model cationic dye widely used in assessing the absorption capacity of adsorbents, has been studied by spectrophotometric method. Kinetic dependences of adsorption have been established, and the maximum adsorption capacities of experimental materials have been determined depending on MG concentration. The results of experimental studies allow us to conclude that the activation of pyrolysis products of crop and communal waste with potassium hydroxide improves the adsorption characteristics of the developed material.
Objectives: to identify the adsorption properties of pyrolysis products of sunflower seed husk KL-21(A) activated with an aqueous 2 M solution of potassium hydroxide, pyrolysis products of sunflower seed husk combined with bentonite clay KL-21(A) and pyrolysis products of worn-out automobile tires KR-21(A).
Methods. A Nabi MicroDigital spectrophotometer (South Korea), laboratory instruments and reagents were used to study the adsorption properties by the spectrophotometric method.
Results. Graphical dependences of the absorption capacity on the duration and rate of adsorption are revealed, and adsorption isotherms are constructed and analyzed.
Conclusions. An adsorption-active material based on pyrolysis products of sunflower seed husks and pyrolysis products of worn-out automobile tires was obtained. The adsorption capacity of CL-21(A) samples was 474 mg/g, CLG-21(A) – 131 mg/g, and KR-21(A) – 351 mg/g. The obtained isotherms are determined by the Langmuir model.
It was found that the adsorption equilibrium occurs after 6 hours in KL-21(A) and a day later in KL-21(A) and KR-21(A).
It was found that the highest rate of adsorption is characteristic of the KL-21(A) sample and amounted to 0.00094 mmol/min or 0.300 mg/min in the first 15 minutes of exposure.
PDF

Colloidal protection of magnetite hydrosols with polysaccharides

https://doi.org/10.58224/2619-0575-2025-8-3-2
, ,
Abstract
This article investigates the stabilization of aqueous dispersions of magnetic Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles using polysaccharide stabilizers. The effect of electrolyte coagulants and polysaccharide stabilizers on the stability of magnetite hydrosols and their stability at physiological pH with and without the addition of polysaccharides is stud-ied. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of nonionic polysaccharides, such as hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and hydroxyethylcellulose, in stabilizing magnetic nanoparticles from electrolyte coagulation and over time, which is important for their application in medicine.
Objectives. To obtain and characterize magnetite hydrosols and to study their stabilization with polysaccharides over time and with the addition of non-indifferent and indifferent electrolytes.
Methods. Hydrosol coagulation was studied photometrically. The size of hydrosol nanoparticles was determined using dynamic light scattering.
Results. Nonionic polysaccharides, such as hydroxyethyl cellulose and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, are promising for stabilizing aqueous dispersions (hydrosols) of Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles.
Conclusions. The coagulation threshold of magnetite hydrosol with a non-differentiated electrolyte, sodium hy-droxide, is 20,5 times lower than the coagulation threshold of magnetite hydrosol with an indifferent electrolyte, sodium chloride. Hydroxyethyl cellulose and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose exhibited the greatest protection of magnetite hydrosol from coagulation with sodium chloride. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose exhibited the greatest protection of magnetite hydrosol from coagulation with sodium hydroxide. Sols containing hydroxypropyl methyl-cellulose exhibit the greatest stability over time at pH 7.4 (the pH of blood), created by the addition of a phosphate-buffered saline mixture.
PDF

Adsorption of Acetone on HNO3-Treated AG-3 Activated Carbon: Performance and Kinetic Study

https://doi.org/10.58224/2619-0575-2025-8-2-1
Abstract
The study focuses on enhancing the adsorption of acetone, a prevalent oxygenated volatile organic compound (VOC), using HNO3-modified AG-3 activated carbon (AC) to mitigate its environmental and health impacts. It aims to optimize HNO3 modification of AG-3 AC, targeting enhanced acetone adsorption capacity and improved kinetics.
Methods: In this work, commercial AG-3 was treated with 2 M, 4, M and 6 M HNO3 solutions through reflux heating at 100 °C, followed by washing and drying. Adsorption experiments were conducted using gravimetric analysis at 25 °C and 1 atm, with kinetic data fitted to pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich, and Mor-ris-Weber models. The modified ACs were evaluated for their specific adsorption capacities and time-dependent adsorption behaviors.
Results: Results showed that HNO3 treatment enhanced acetone adsorption, with the 2 M HNO3-treated AC (HAC-2) exhibited the highest capacity of 0.2951 g/g, a 15 % improvement over unmodified AG-3 (0.2570). Kinetic studies revealed that the pseudo-second-order kinetic model best described the adsorption process, indicating chemisorption as the primary mechanism. As concentration of HNO3 increased (4 M and 6 M), it led to reduced adsorption capacity compared to HAC-2, suggesting excessive oxidation may damage the carbon structure.
Conclusions: The study concludes that the optimal HNO3 concentration for enhancing acetone adsorption on G-3 AC lies around 2 M. This approach highlights the potential of HNO3-modified AG-3 as an effective adsorbent for acetone remediation in adsorption application.
PDF

A set of possible approximative methods for efficiently recalculating the contribution of coulomb integrals to the elements of the single-electron hamiltonian at SCF iterations to dramatically speed up extremely resource-intensive DFT calculations of giant biomolecules

https://doi.org/10.58224/2619-0575-2025-8-3-3
Abstract
The investigation aims to identify potential approximative methodologies for expediting repeated calculations of Coulomb integral contributions to single-electron Hamiltonian elements during self-consistent field (SCF) iterations, thereby dramatically accelerating computationally intensive density functional theory (DFT) analyses of massive biomolecular structures. The research addressed several challenges: a) evaluating semi-empirical approaches for quantum chemical examination of enormous molecular systems; b) exploring how numerous distant molecular fragments could facilitate faster computation of Coulomb interaction contributions; c) examining contemporary approaches to fixed-geometry single-point molecular calculations; d) developing innovative methodologies for accelerated Coulomb integral contribution computation in DFT analyses of substantial bi-omolecular entities.
We present a novel suite of approximation techniques designed to substantially expedite calculations of Cou-lomb integral contributions to one-electron Hamiltonian elements in conventional DFT methodologies during SCF iterations-typically the rate-limiting phase of these essential yet computationally demanding calculations for exten-sive biomolecular systems, including thousands of docking complexes comprising thousands of atoms.
Our integrated approach features rapid and precise approximation of contribution modifications across innu-merable 4-center Coulomb integrals between successive SCF iterations through auxiliary density function-mediated transformation into linear combinations of 3-center integrals, subsequently converted to combinations of 2-center integrals. Contribution variations from non-multipole short-range components of these 2-center integrals are swiftly determined by modifying pre-computed spline contributions based on inter-atomic separations. The re-maining multipole-based long-range contributions undergo rapid computation for expansive molecular systems using a fast multipole method (FMM) framework, which strategically partitions extensive spatial domains into hi-erarchical regions (a technique originally pioneered for galactic dynamics simulations).
Each SCF iteration employs sophisticated screening to identify exclusively non-negligible integral combina-tions, particularly accounting for the progressively diminishing density matrix increments characteristic of con-verging SCF processes. The framework accommodates the unique characteristics of specific massive molecular systems or extensive collections thereof, such as thousands of docking arrangements between substantial protein structures and diverse small organic ligand molecules.
All bimolecular components-including approximations of two-center basis function overlaps via linear combi-nations of single-center auxiliary density functions-undergo efficient computation utilizing specialized database-stored inter-nuclear distance splines. For novel basis sets, the reference database can be promptly augmented through decomposition into universal exponential components with corresponding database enrichment.
PDF

Synthesis of sulfur-containing precursor of targeted lipoconjugates

https://doi.org/10.58224/2619-0575-2025-8-3-4
, ,
Abstract
Objectives: To search for and develop a method for synthesizing sulfur-containing lipids based on 1,2-di-O-tetradecyl-rac-glycerol.
Methods. Separation and purification of the obtained compounds were accomplished by column chromatography on silica gel and extraction. A combination of physicochemical analytical methods, including NMR-spectroscopy and mass-spectrometry, was used to confirm the structures of the obtained compounds.
Results. A new method for synthesizing sulfur-containing precursors for targeted lipoconjugates has been developed. 1,2-di-O-tetradecyl-rac-glycerol with a tetraethylene glycol spacer was used as the hydrophobic domain. Divinyl sulfone was attached to the terminal amino group under basic conditions. However, proton signals from the dioxothiomorphonyl group were detected in the NMR spectra of the resulting compound, confirming the cyclization of the vinylsulfone group with primary amines. This problem can be solved by replacing divinyl sulfone with its analog with an ethylene glycol spacer, bis-vinylsulfone, and alkylating the primary amino group of the tetraethylene glycol spacer, since the formation of the dioxothiomorphonyl group is excluded from secondary amines.
Conclusions. The interaction of divinyl sulfone with the primary amino group of a tetraethyleneglycol-containing lipid based on 1,2-di-O-tetradecyl-rac-glycerol was investigated. The resulting addition reaction product was further used to create CL and study the delivery of NA to target cells. The search for optimal synthesis conditions for producing vinyl sulfone-containing precursors of the targeted lipoconjugates will also continue.
PDF

Bentonite from the Nalchik deposit and the possibilities of its use as a cationic adsorbent

https://doi.org/10.58224/2619-0575-2025-8-2-2
, , , ,
Abstract
Chemical, mineralogical, granulometric and structural-morphological characteristics of bentonite clays of the Nalchik deposit have been established. The elemental composition contains B (trace amounts), Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti, Fe. It has been revealed that the mineralogical composition of the studied clay is complex of montmorillonite, clinoptilolite and low-temperature trigonal quartz. The montmorillonite content is 53.0 ± 1.1 wt.%. The maximum particle size is 198.7-210.1 μm, the proportion of such particles is 0.69 wt.%. The minimum particle size is 0.6-0.9 μm, the proportion of such particles is 1.22 wt.%. According to the results of differential thermal analysis, 4 endoeffects were recorded, the total mass loss on sample calcination was 16.5%, taking into account the loss of free water - 9.5 wt.%. The adsorption characteristics of the analyzed bentonite were studied using “model” pollutants – nickel (II) cations and methylene blue dye. It was found that the adsorption isotherm of nickel (II) ions belongs to class L type 3, and the adsorption isotherm of methylene blue belongs to class L type 2 according to the Gils classification. The results of the study showed that bentonite clay from the Nalchik deposit is capable of purifying wastewater to the maximum permissible concentration of cationic pollutants.
Objectives: to investigate the material composition and adsorption properties of bentonite clay from the Nalchik deposit.
Methods. To determine the elemental, phase and granulometric composition, the following equipment was used: transmission electron microscope JEM-2100 (Jeol, Japan), diffractometer Ultima IV (Rigaku, Japan), combined analyzer TG/DTG/DTA SDT Q600 (TA Instruments, Inc., USA), particle size analyzer Microtrac S3500 (USA), as well as laboratory instruments and reagents.
Results. The mineralogical composition of the clay sample from the Nalchik deposit was established; the mass content of montmorillonite was determined. The granulometric composition was studied. The adsorption processes of the clay sample in relation to the organic dye methylene blue and nickel (II) ions were investigated.
Conclusions. The mineralogical composition of the clay sample from the Nalchik deposit was determined: montmorillonite, clinoptilolite and low-temperature trigonal quartz. The montmorillonite content is 53.0 ± 1.1 wt.%. The maximum particle size of the fraction in the studied clay sample is 198.7-210.1 μm, the proportion of such particles is 0.69 wt.%. The minimum particle size of the fraction is 0.6-0.9 μm, the proportion of particles is 1.22 wt.%. The adsorption processes of the clay sample in relation to the organic dye methylene blue and nickel (II) ions were studied. It was shown that the clay of the Nalchik deposit is capable of purifying wastewater from the specified cationic pollutants to the regulatory requirements.
PDF