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Study of the cerebroprotective effect of a new derivative of hydroxybenzoic acid – the dikali salt N–(3-hydroxybenzoyl)taurine in various disorders of cerebral circulation

https://doi.org/10.58224/2619-0575-2025-8-4-3
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Abstract
The 21st century is not only a time of progress in innovative technologies and artificial intelligence, but also a time of global downgrade and early development of serious health disorders, especially oncological and cardiovascular diseases. Currently, various cerebrovascular disorders have become widespread, which are the main limitation factors in rational therapy. This is due to the complications of primary diagnosis of the disease and its confirmation, as well as the problems in the application of early neuroprotection and rehabilitation. The aim of the study. The research of new compound’s neuroprotective properties: the dipotassium salt of N-(3-hydroxybenzoyl)taurine, which is a derivate of hydroxybenzoic acid, by the different types of vascular (blood circulation) disorders in the brain. Materials and methods. The examination of the dipotassium salt of N-(3-hydroxybenzoyl)taurine, as a derivate of hydroxybenzoic acid. Establishing the neurological status using the Combs & D`Alecy scale and the Gracia scale. Results. The research results let to suggest the cerebroprotective properties of a new hydroxybenzoic acid derivate, which demonstrates potential comparable to Citicoline, Nicergoline, and Acetylsalicylic acid in decrease the damage of the neuropsychiatric consequences of ischemic injury. The examine compound, like these other drugs, exhibits properties aimed at stabilizing cerebral circulation and reducing the manifestations of endothelial dysfunction. Conclusions. According to study findings the dipotassium salt of N-(3-hydroxybenzoyl)taurine exhibits cerebroprotective effects in various cerebrovascular disorders.
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Quantum chemical modeling оf aqueous mustard gas solutions

https://doi.org/10.58224/2619-0575-2025-8-4-4
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Abstract
Objective: to conduct quantum chemical modeling of a sulfur mustard molecule in an aqueous medium in the built–in parameter mode and in the mode of added molecules. After optimization by thermodynamic parameters, to study possible molecular and structural changes of mustard gas in the composition of the medium.
Methods. The Gaussian software package with the GaussView visualizer was used to construct and visualize the structure of the sulfur mustard molecule and its interaction with the aquatic environment. To carry out the calculation (calculation tipe FREQ), the standard Gaussian ab initio – Hartley-Fock (RHF) and post-Hartley-Fock (MP2) methods were chosen, which alternated with calculations based on the theory of the density function (DFT): B3LYP and B3LYP-FC. The semiempirical RPM6 method is used as a boundary factor.
Results. It is shown that only a comprehensive analysis of the state of the molecule makes it possible to identify the specific contribution of each type of interaction to the structure and properties of the molecule. In an aqueous environment, the mustard gas molecule has a high stability potential, but exposure to a real molecular environment leads to a change in polarizability, atomic charge, and dipole moment vector, and in the excited state of the molecule, one of the C1-Cl1 bonds is maximally activated, practically doubling its length.
Conclusions. Despite the very poor solubility of mustard gas in water, its intermolecular interaction with the medium leads to a redistribution of energy characteristics and the formation of a nonequilibrium polarizable state of the mustard molecule in the structure of the aquacomplex, possible further destruction with the formation of toxic products, including onium cations. Further development of the obtained results will make it possible to justify the choice of conditions for targeted activation of the mustard gas molecule for detoxification in aqueous media and body fluids.
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Effect of amphiphilic polymers on the photodynamic activity of methylene blue and rose bengal in vitro experiments

https://doi.org/10.58224/2619-0575-2025-8-4-5
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Abstract
Objectives: To study the effect of amphiphilic polymers on the dark and photoinduced toxicity of dyes with photosensitizing properties – methylene blue (MB) and rose bengal (RB) – in in vitro experiments.
Methods. In vitro experiments were carried out on human lung carcinoma A549 cells and on cultures of gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacterial cells using a phototherapeutic LED with a wavelength of λ = 530 nm (for the RB) or λ = 660 nm (for the MB).
Results. Amphiphilic polymers (Pluronic F-108 and poly-N-vinylpyrrolidone) were shown to enhance the dark and photoinduced toxicity of dyes. MB was also shown to exhibit greater activity (compared to RB) in photodynamic inactivation of Gram-negative bacteria, while RB (compared to MB) was shown to exhibit greater activity in the inactivation of Gram-positive bacteria.
Conclusions. MB in combination with amphiphilic polymers is a potential drug of choice for both photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer and antibacterial PDT of Gram-negative bacteria. At the same time, RB-based systems hold promise for the development of antibacterial PDT of Gram-positive bacteria.
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Influence of the complex phytogenic additive “Resovet” on detoxification systems, antioxidant protection, productivity and intestinal microbiocenosis in broilers under mycotoxicosis conditions

https://doi.org/10.58224/2619-0575-2025-8-4-6
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination of feed poses a serious threat to the poultry industry, causing significant economic losses. Traditional adsorbents are ineffective against a wide range of toxins and can reduce the nutritional value of feed. Therefore, developing strategies to activate the animal's endogenous detoxification systems is a pressing issue. This study examined the efficacy of the complex phytogenic supplement (CPS) "Rezovet," containing N-acetylcysteine (NAC), alkylresorcinols, and indole compounds, under experimental mycotoxicosis induced by zearalenone (ZEN) and ochratoxin A (OA). An in vitro experiment on the human hepatoma cell line HepG2 demonstrated that "Rezovet" and its components reliably activate nuclear factor 2 (NRF2), the main regulator of the antioxidant and detoxification response. NRF2 activation was accompanied by an increase in glutathione-S-transferase (GST) gene mRNA expression and its total activity. Furthermore, NAC and indole-3-propionic acid induced a cytoprotective autophagic response in ZEN-exposed cells. Inhibition of autophagy by chloroquine eliminated the protective effect. In an in vivo experiment on Cobb-500 broilers (n=120), the addition of Rezovet (0.5 kg/t feed) to a diet contaminated with ZEN (0.5 mg/kg) and OA (0.25 mg/kg) significantly (p<0.05) reduced liver damage and oxidative stress (a 35% decrease in malondialdehyde levels, a 50% increase in glutathione), while simultaneously increasing GST activity by 40%. Significant improvements in productivity were recorded: livestock survival increased by 4.2%, live weight at 28 days increased by 8.5%, and feed conversion improved by 5.7% compared to the group receiving mycotoxins alone. Metagenomic analysis revealed a 152% increase in the proportion of the commensal bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila in the caecal microbiome and a suppression of urease-producing bacteria (Proteus spp., Klebsiella spp.) in the litter. The synergistic mechanism of action of Rezovet, combining the activation of cellular defense systems and the modulation of microbial communities through mechanisms described in the theory of microbial autoregulation, is discussed. Rezovet is shown to be an effective non-adsorptive agent for the biological detoxification of mycotoxins and microbiome management.
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Highly dispersed modifier of cement composites based on natural wollastonite

https://doi.org/10.58224/2619-0575-2025-8-4-7
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Abstract
Objectives: development of a highly dispersed modifier based on natural vollastonite, which ensures the production of construction products with improved physical and mechanical properties.
Methods. The evaluation of the raw materials and the effect of their highly dispersed suspension obtained by ultrasonic dispersion on the structure and properties of cement stone and fine-grained concrete was performed using methods specified in GOST R 56593-2015 and GOST 10060-2012, as well as scanning electron microscopy, laser diffraction, nitrogen porometry, and X-ray phase analysis.
Results. The pozzolanic activity of the highly dispersed vollastonite additive was determined to be 87.3 mg/g, and it was confirmed by a 18.2% decrease in the intensity of Portlandite X-ray reflexes in the modified cement stone samples. The corrected frost resistance of the modified fine-grained concrete is noted, which is due to the integral homogeneous microstructure and the reduction in the total porosity of the cement stone from 0.0043 to 0.0019 cm3/g, i.e., by 2.4 times, compared to the control samples, with an increased concentration of crystalline phases of wateerite μ-CaCO3 and wairakite Ca(AlSi2O6)2∙2H2O. It was found that cement stone with a highly dispersed modifier has a relative increase of 32.4% and 5.4% in the concentration of crystalline phases of alite 3CaO∙SiO2 and belite β-2CaO∙SiO2, respectively.
Conclusions. The possibility of using mineral powder of substandard natural wollastonite with a specific surface area of 45786 cm2/cm3 and a particle size of 2.17 μm as a modifier of the structure and properties of fine-grained concrete has been proven and scientifically substantiated. A highly dispersed suspension of wollastonite with an average particle size of 0.405 μm, obtained by ultrasonic dispersion of the initial raw material in an aqueous medium of a polycarboxylate ester-based stabilizer for 5 minutes, with a content of 10% of the cement mass in fine-grained concrete, allows for the production of products with a bending strength of 6.8 MPa, a compressive strength of 58.5 MPa, and a frost resistance rating of F500.
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Formation of diesel fuel aerosols in the presence of propylene oxide and its derivatives

https://doi.org/10.58224/2619-0575-2025-8-4-8
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Abstract
Studying the formation of diesel fuel aerosols in the presence of propylene oxide and its derivatives in a laboratory setup allows us to closely approximate the process of real-life mixture formation in diesel engines and determine the influence of these compounds on combustion efficiency and exhaust smoke.
Objective. To identify differences in the aerosol formation characteristics of diesel fuel without additives and diesel fuel containing propylene oxide and its derivatives as additives.
Methods. The method involves using a steam generator to generate aerosols and a high-speed video camera to capture all stages of aerosol formation. A high-speed CMOS video camera, "Phantom MIRO M310" (image type – 1080p), was used to record the process under study. monochrome; maximum resolution 1280×800 pixels; maxi-mum shooting speed – 6.5 105 fps; minimum exposure time – 1 μs; maximum image bit depth – 12 bits). A SIGMA 50 mm 1:2.8D MACRO EX lens (focal length – 50 mm, relative aperture – 2.8) was used for video recording. A Multiled PT-V9 GS Vitec LED illuminator (number of LEDs – 24; luminous flux – 7700 lm; power – 84 W, disper-sion angle – 30º) was used to illuminate the recording area. A matte polycarbonate screen (2 mm thick) was used to diffuse the light from the illuminator. The LED illuminator and CMOS video camera were placed opposite each other so that the optical axis of the camera coincided with the direction of the luminous flux of the illuminator.
Results and conclusions. Introduction into the diesel engine Adding 0.1% propylene oxide and its derivatives to fuel reduces the onset of intense fuel evaporation by up to two times. In a real engine, this effect will significantly reduce the size of liquid diesel fuel droplets in the cylinder, leading to more complete combustion and reduced soot formation. This results in increased power, reduced fuel consumption, and reduced exhaust smoke.
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Sorption characteristics of bacterial cellulose obtained from the symbiotic culture of Medusomyces gisevii

https://doi.org/10.58224/2619-0575-2025-8-4-9
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Abstract
The structural and sorption characteristics of bacterial cellulose (BC) synthesized by the symbiotic culture of Kombucha Medusomyces gisevii in nutrient media with different carbon sources (3% sucrose, 6% sucrose, 6% molasses) were studied. It was found that the maximum specific yield of BC biomass was observed when using 6% molasses (11.807 g/g), while the highest content of pure cellulose was recorded in a medium with 6% sucrose (3.81%). Scanning electron microscopy and gas adsorption analysis showed that lyophilized BC samples have a developed macroporous structure. The sorption capacity of the materials with respect to the cationic dye methylene blue was studied. It was found that lyophilized BC possesses a significantly higher sorption capacity (22.809 mg/g) compared to the native film dried by convection (11.689 mg/g). The potential of using bacterial cellulose as a basis for sorption materials and functional carriers is demonstrated.
Objectives: study of the influence of cultivation conditions and drying methods on the structural, morphological and adsorption characteristics of bacterial cellulose.
Methods. Nutrient media with varying carbon sources were used for cultivation. Sample structure was examined using a Nova NanoSem 450 scanning electron microscope (FEI Company, USA) and a TriStar II 3020 gas adsorption analyzer (Micromeritics, USA). Sorption capacity was determined using a Nabi spectrophotometer (MicroDigital Co., Republic of Korea) based on the absorption of methylene blue from an aqueous solution.
Results. Optimal cultivation conditions for maximum biomass yield and cellulose content were determined. It was found that freeze-drying produces a material with a high specific surface area and a developed porous structure, resulting in increased sorption activity.
Conclusions. Bacterial cellulose, especially its lyophilized form, demonstrates high potential as an effective and biocompatible sorbent, as well as a promising carrier of active substances and medicinal preparations.
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Adsorption of methylene blue by activated pyrolysis products of sunflower seed husks

https://doi.org/10.58224/2619-0575-2025-8-3-1
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Abstract
In the context of the global environmental crisis caused by the rapid growth of industrial and household waste, the search for effective methods of their recycling is becoming a key task of sustainable development. Traditional disposal methods, such as burial or incineration, not only require significant resources, but also lead to atmospheric pollution with negatively biologically active gases. In this context, pyrolysis of carbon-containing waste represents a promising alternative combining environmental safety and economic feasibility. Unlike combustion, pyrolysis takes place in an environment with a limited oxygen content, which minimizes CO and CO2 emissions, and also allows for the production of valuable secondary products — pyrolysis gases, liquid and solid carbon materials. The latter are suitable for use as adsorbents. Activation of pyrolysis products by chemical reagents (alkalis, acids, or steam) is used to increase the adsorption capacity, which significantly increases their porosity and adsorption capacity. In this work, the adsorption properties of sunflower husk pyrolysis products activated with an aqueous 2 M solution of potassium hydroxide (KL-21(A)), sunflower husk pyrolysis products combined with bentonite clay (KL-21(A)) and pyrolysis products of crushed worn car tires (KR-21(A)) were determined. Their effectiveness in terms of adsorption of methylene blue (MG), a model cationic dye widely used in assessing the absorption capacity of adsorbents, has been studied by spectrophotometric method. Kinetic dependences of adsorption have been established, and the maximum adsorption capacities of experimental materials have been determined depending on MG concentration. The results of experimental studies allow us to conclude that the activation of pyrolysis products of crop and communal waste with potassium hydroxide improves the adsorption characteristics of the developed material.
Objectives: to identify the adsorption properties of pyrolysis products of sunflower seed husk KL-21(A) activated with an aqueous 2 M solution of potassium hydroxide, pyrolysis products of sunflower seed husk combined with bentonite clay KL-21(A) and pyrolysis products of worn-out automobile tires KR-21(A).
Methods. A Nabi MicroDigital spectrophotometer (South Korea), laboratory instruments and reagents were used to study the adsorption properties by the spectrophotometric method.
Results. Graphical dependences of the absorption capacity on the duration and rate of adsorption are revealed, and adsorption isotherms are constructed and analyzed.
Conclusions. An adsorption-active material based on pyrolysis products of sunflower seed husks and pyrolysis products of worn-out automobile tires was obtained. The adsorption capacity of CL-21(A) samples was 474 mg/g, CLG-21(A) – 131 mg/g, and KR-21(A) – 351 mg/g. The obtained isotherms are determined by the Langmuir model.
It was found that the adsorption equilibrium occurs after 6 hours in KL-21(A) and a day later in KL-21(A) and KR-21(A).
It was found that the highest rate of adsorption is characteristic of the KL-21(A) sample and amounted to 0.00094 mmol/min or 0.300 mg/min in the first 15 minutes of exposure.
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Colloidal protection of magnetite hydrosols with polysaccharides

https://doi.org/10.58224/2619-0575-2025-8-3-2
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Abstract
This article investigates the stabilization of aqueous dispersions of magnetic Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles using polysaccharide stabilizers. The effect of electrolyte coagulants and polysaccharide stabilizers on the stability of magnetite hydrosols and their stability at physiological pH with and without the addition of polysaccharides is stud-ied. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of nonionic polysaccharides, such as hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and hydroxyethylcellulose, in stabilizing magnetic nanoparticles from electrolyte coagulation and over time, which is important for their application in medicine.
Objectives. To obtain and characterize magnetite hydrosols and to study their stabilization with polysaccharides over time and with the addition of non-indifferent and indifferent electrolytes.
Methods. Hydrosol coagulation was studied photometrically. The size of hydrosol nanoparticles was determined using dynamic light scattering.
Results. Nonionic polysaccharides, such as hydroxyethyl cellulose and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, are promising for stabilizing aqueous dispersions (hydrosols) of Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles.
Conclusions. The coagulation threshold of magnetite hydrosol with a non-differentiated electrolyte, sodium hy-droxide, is 20,5 times lower than the coagulation threshold of magnetite hydrosol with an indifferent electrolyte, sodium chloride. Hydroxyethyl cellulose and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose exhibited the greatest protection of magnetite hydrosol from coagulation with sodium chloride. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose exhibited the greatest protection of magnetite hydrosol from coagulation with sodium hydroxide. Sols containing hydroxypropyl methyl-cellulose exhibit the greatest stability over time at pH 7.4 (the pH of blood), created by the addition of a phosphate-buffered saline mixture.
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Adsorption of Acetone on HNO3-Treated AG-3 Activated Carbon: Performance and Kinetic Study

https://doi.org/10.58224/2619-0575-2025-8-2-1
Abstract
The study focuses on enhancing the adsorption of acetone, a prevalent oxygenated volatile organic compound (VOC), using HNO3-modified AG-3 activated carbon (AC) to mitigate its environmental and health impacts. It aims to optimize HNO3 modification of AG-3 AC, targeting enhanced acetone adsorption capacity and improved kinetics.
Methods: In this work, commercial AG-3 was treated with 2 M, 4, M and 6 M HNO3 solutions through reflux heating at 100 °C, followed by washing and drying. Adsorption experiments were conducted using gravimetric analysis at 25 °C and 1 atm, with kinetic data fitted to pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich, and Mor-ris-Weber models. The modified ACs were evaluated for their specific adsorption capacities and time-dependent adsorption behaviors.
Results: Results showed that HNO3 treatment enhanced acetone adsorption, with the 2 M HNO3-treated AC (HAC-2) exhibited the highest capacity of 0.2951 g/g, a 15 % improvement over unmodified AG-3 (0.2570). Kinetic studies revealed that the pseudo-second-order kinetic model best described the adsorption process, indicating chemisorption as the primary mechanism. As concentration of HNO3 increased (4 M and 6 M), it led to reduced adsorption capacity compared to HAC-2, suggesting excessive oxidation may damage the carbon structure.
Conclusions: The study concludes that the optimal HNO3 concentration for enhancing acetone adsorption on G-3 AC lies around 2 M. This approach highlights the potential of HNO3-modified AG-3 as an effective adsorbent for acetone remediation in adsorption application.
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