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CHEMICAL-TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSES OF SEPARATION OF MILK WHEY FOR ITS USE IN COSMETOLOGY

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 25-38 p.
Abstract
The article is devoted to the analysis of chemical and technological processes of production and processing of whey for the purposes of its use in cosmetology. The author indicates the relevance and significance of the research topic. The composition of whey is considered. Attention is focused on the fact that the components contained in it are raw materials for various cosmetics, in particular, shampoos. A comparative analysis of traditional and non-traditional methods of processing whey is carried out. The conclusion is made in favor of the latter and the thesis is argued that the promising technology for processing and further concentration of whey is precisely the membrane technology, which allows the processes to be carried out under sparing temperature conditions, without a phase transition and, accordingly, at the lowest energy costs. The use of membrane technologies leads to a reduction in the capital and operating costs of the enterprise, which, in turn, reduces the payback period of the equipment.
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MICROBIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF YEAST AND “YEAST-FREE” BREAD

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 39-43 p.
Abstract
The article is devoted to the problem of the usefulness of yeast and yeast-free bread. The authors substantiate the relevance and expediency of the topic of study. Comparative analysis of two methods of preparing rye simple bread was carried out by microbiological analysis of starter, recognition of microorganisms was carried out on the basis of atlases. A comparative study of bread preparation technologies by traditional and industrial methods is also presented. As a result, the authors come to the following conclusions: firstly, the "childless" starter for home baking, is a spontaneous fermentation product containing "wild" yeast, while the industrial contains only lactobacteria, baker's yeast and minimal admixture of other microorganisms; secondly, the ratio of lactobacteria to yeast in the industrial starter is optimal, and in the home it is not observed, which can affect both fermentation conditions and the growth of another microflora; thirdly, the number of colony-forming units, as well as bacteria of the E. coli group in industrial baking bread is strictly regulated by GOST and regularly checked, and in the home starter Enterobacter is sufficiently present, and its amount in baked bread is unknown. In summary it is concluded that "yeast" and "yeast-free" bread are useful.
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THE USAGE OF VEGETABLE SORBENT FOR REMOVING CONGO RED DYE FROM TEST SOLUTIONS

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 44-55 p.
Abstract
The research findings of sorption purification of test water environment, containing Congo red dye, by using this crop farming waste as a sorption material have indicated that the maximum sorption capacity of its biomass amounts to 0.37 mmol/g. The electronic microscopy data and the research findings of physical-chemical and sorp-tion properties of a new vegetable sorption material, obtained from sunflower (Heliánthus ánnuus) stalks, are presented. The processing of the data demonstrated that the obtained adsorption isotherm of Congo red belongs to Type V isotherms according to classification by Brunauer-Deming-Deming-Teller (BDDT) or to the S-type, according to Giles’ classification. With that, adsorption process is the most accurately described by the Freundlich model, and the process proceeds on the heterogeneous surface of the sorption material.
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ADSORPTION OF 4-NITROPHENOL AND DYES ON SILVER-DOPED TiO2, TiO2-ZrO2, ZrO2 XEROGELS UNDER UV IRRADIATION

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 56-62 p.
Abstract
Nanoscale and composite materials containing titanium and zirconium oxides are of the greatest theoretical and practical interest. Their advantages are low cost, availability of production, the choice of source components and matrices of different nature. This work is an immersion in the subject of research at the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia. The research topic is extremely relevant, because silver appears only once in the list of previously used modifiers, and it is possible to study this issue. The production of TiO2 and ZrO2 nanopowders with dopants using gel technology is a simple and well-studied method for the synthesis of photocatalysts, but the effect of powder irradiation on adsorption has not been studied much, especially for irradiation of dry material with its subsequent introduction into an adsorption solution. It is of interest to study the effect on the adsorption of para-nitrophenol (the state of the molecule - anion or molecule), depending on the pH of the environment, on synthesized xerogels of titanium dioxide and zirconium. It is also necessary to conduct a study to understand the effect of silver on the adsorption of various types of dyes. Model dyes of the cationic type (methylene blue) and anionic type (methylorange) can be used to determine the charged surface centers of materials based on TiO2 and ZrO2 that do not contain or contain a dopant component.
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SORPTION PROPERTIES OF SYCAMORE LEAF LITTER IN RELATION TO METHYLENE BLUE DYE

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 5-13 p.
Abstract
Dyes are one of the widespread and hazardous contaminants that enter water bodies with wastewater. Reagent precipitation, ion exchange, coagulation, flotation, and other methods are used to remove dyes from aqueous environment. At the same time, sorption treatment is one of the most effective. The authors proposed to use sycamore leaves biomass for the dye "Methylene blue" extraction from aqueous environment. To investigate the process of adsorption of methylene blue by the leaves biomass, the sorption capacity of the material has been es-tablished; it is shown that the adsorption process is best described by the Freundlich model with a correlation co-efficient R2 = 0.9537.
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INTEGRAL ASSESSMENT OF WATER ENVIRONMENT TREATED WITH ZOOCOMPOST WITH THE USE OF ALLIUM SULFUR

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 5-14 p.
Abstract
An integral assessment of the state of aquatic environments using biotests is understood as the study of the complex effect of a number of factors such as chemical, physical and biological - on the functions of living organisms. Traditional methods of chemical and physical analysis of the state of various environments (water, air, soil) are based on comparing the results obtained with environmental standards, such as MPC (maximum permissible concentration) or MAL (maximum allowable level). The advantage of biotesting in comparison with other methods for assessing the state of environments is the speed of obtaining the results and their clarity, the absence of expensive reagents and equipment. Organisms used for biotesting are called biotests or bioindicators. When choosing bioindicators the sensitivity of the organism to exposure factors is taken into account as well as the ease of cultivation. Living organisms from different taxonomic groups can act as bioindicators. Such a bioindicator recognized by the International Program for Chemical Safety (IPCS) is the higher plant Allium sulfur L. The Allium test was used to assess aquatic environment treated with zoo compost resulting from the cultivation of the Black Soldier fly larva (Hermetia illucens). The length of the roots of the tested plant was chosen as the primary response to the effect of a complex of factors. The effect of exposure is considered to be established if there is an increase or decrease in the growth of the roots of the tested plants in comparison with the control. The results obtained can be used to develop recommendations for the use of zoo compost.
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ANALYSIS OF THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF PRODUCED WATER

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 5-14 p.
Abstract
Chemical composition and amount of produced water microorganisms of offshore oil production were investigated. An excess of the content of a number of chemicals was found. The most significant deviation is the excess of chemical oxygen demand (COD). The change in chromaticity, the presence of a specific odor and qualitative reactions to the presence of aromatic hydrocarbons indicate the presence of dissolved petroleum hydrocarbons in water. Hydrocarbons contained in reservoir waters are very toxic. Their acute toxicity for Daphnia magna was shown. In order to prevent harmful effects on the ecosystem of wastewater of this type, it is proposed to use a sorp-tion treatment method.
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ELASTOMERS FOR LOW TEMPERATURE APPLICATIONS

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 5-12 p.
Abstract
Research works were carried out in the field of creating new rubbers with improved low-temperature, fire-fighting properties, with high resistance to the effects of petroleum products. Experimental rubber samples based on hydrogenated butadiene-nitrile rubbers and samples based on mixtures of propylene oxide and epichlorohydrin rubbers were developed. Physical and mechanical tests were conducted to determine the elastic-strength properties of rubbers, tests to determine the glass transition temperature by differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis. The obtained data showed that, depending on the type of rubber and other prescription factors, the developed elastomeric materials have a glass transition temperature from minus 45℃ to minus 87℃. Tests were carried out to determine the oil resistance and degree of swelling of rubbers after exposure in technological oil of the brand SGR-3 for samples 1-4, and to determine the fuel resistance and degree of swelling of rubbers after exposure in aviation kerosene of the brand TS-1 for samples 5-8. Analysis of the obtained data showed that the best characteristics for frost resistance are rubber samples based on mixtures of propylene oxide and epichlorohydrin rubbers. Elastomers in terms of elastic-strength characteristics and hardness indicators meet the requirements for sealing products of machinery and equipment of the oil and gas industry. Also, elastomers showed good results in tests for fuel resistance, while the degree of swelling of rubber samples in aviation kerosene is about 9%. Developments are protected as a trade secret (know-how). There is a positive experience in manufac-turing and selling lots of products made from developed elastomeric materials for domestic consumers.
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INVESTIGATION OF TECHNOLOGY FOR EXTRACTION OF HEAVY HYDROCARBONS FROM ASSOCIATED PETROLEUM GAS BY LOW-TEMPERATURE SEPARATION

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 4-11 p.
Abstract
The article is devoted to the description of studies aimed at studying the process of separation of associated petroleum gas into fractions by the method of low-temperature separation. The work uses Aspen Hysys software, which allows to model technological schemes containing various types of equipment, solve problems by selected numerical mathematical methods and thus to study the progress of practically any physical and chemical processes. Consideration of this problem is a pressing task, as it aims to save and improve the quality of valuable hydrocarbon materials. At the same time, the influence of various factors on the process of separation of heavy hydrocarbons has not been studied yet and there is no developed and simple method of monitoring the state and composition of oil and gas products at different stages of processing. To demonstrate the developed method, the composition of the initial mixture is specified and a simplified computer model of the process of extracting heavy hydrocarbons is created. The influence of one of the main factors acting in this process, temperature, on methane yield and heavy hydrocarbon fractions was investigated. Based on the results of the work, recommendations for improvement of this technological process are proposed. The methodology and results of the carried out studies can be used for further study of processes of associated petroleum gas processing, including using more complex technological schemes. This technique can also be useful for research of processes of processing of any hydrocarbon raw materials (for example, oil of different deposits), as well as other commercial chemical products.
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SULFURIC ACID MODIFIED SAWDUST OF ACACIA AURICULARIS (ACACIA AURICULIFORMIS) FOR THE PURIFICATION OF WASTEWATER FROM COPPER IONS (II)

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 12-23 p.
Abstract
Modified sorption materials based on acacia sawdust (Acacia Auriculiformis) were obtained by treating their surface with low-concentration sulfuric acid solutions with concentrations of 1%, 2% and 3%. According to IR spectra, diffractograms, micrographs and histograms of the distribution of surface roughness of native and sulfuric acid-modified acacia sawdust, it was found that surface treatment of the sawdust with acid solutions leads to a change in the structure of the sorption material, namely, leaching of low molecular weight components from the composition of acacia wood. The regularities of the processes of adsorption of Cu2+ ions by native and sulfuric acid modified acacia filings under static conditions were studied. Using the obtained values of the initial and equi-librium concentrations of copper (II) ions in solutions, the sorption capacities of the materials were calculated and the adsorption isotherms of Cu2+ ions were constructed using native and modified acacia filings. Processing acacia sawdust with sulfuric acid solutions leads to an increase in the sorption capacity for copper ions, while the greatest sorption capacity is observed in the case of acacia sawdust treated with a 3% sulfuric acid solution. By processing the obtained sorption isotherms in the framework of the monomolecular models of Langmuir, Freindlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich, Temkin, the regression equations and approximation coefficients are determined. It was revealed that the processes of adsorption of Cu2+ ions by native and modified acacia sawdust with a 3% sulfuric acid solu-tion are best described by the Langmuir model, and the processes of copper ion adsorption by acacia sawdust mod-ified by 1% and 2% sulfuric acid solutions are described by the Freindlich model. The thermodynamic constants of the adsorption processes are calculated, from the values of which it is determined that all the studied processes belong to the processes of physical adsorption. By processing the kinetic dependences of the processes within the framework of the diffusion adsorption model, we calculated the Bio coefficients for the sorption processes of Cu2+ ions by native and modified acacia filings, the values of which determined the limiting stages of the processes (mixed diffusion).
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